The Historical Development of Mathematics

Kronologi Perkembangan Matematik 3000 SM – 600 SM (Mesir, Babylon) 601 SM – 499 TM (Yunani, Cina, Rom) 500 – 1199 (Hindu, Arab) 1200-1599 (Zaman Peralihan) 1600 – 1699 (Abad Kegemilangan) 1700 – 1899 (Awal Zaman Moden) 1900 – kini (Zaman Moden)

3000 – 601 SM Sistem nombor Babylon Sistem nombor Mesir Sistem nombor Maya Matematik yang praktis, digunakan dalam pembinaan, penyimpanan rekod, kalendar Peristiwa matematik Sistem pengumpulan mudah Mesir Simbol astrologi purba Mesir Tablet matematik Babylon

600 S.M. - 499 T.M. Tamadun Yunani Peristiwa matematik Sistem nombor yang lebih kompleks Menggunakan pecahan dan nombor tak nisbah (irrational number) seperti Peristiwa matematik Geometri Yunani (Thales) Teorem Pythagoras Sistem logik Aristotle Geometri Euclid

600 S.M. - 499 T.M. Tamadun Cina Peristiwa matematik Sistem nombor decimal Penggunaan alat seperti abakus Astronomi dan bukti Teorem Pythagoras Persamaan kubik dan punca kuasa tiga Peristiwa matematik Nombor negatif digunakan Nilai dianggarkan

500-1119 T.M. Tamadun Hindu Peristiwa matematik Pengenalan simbol Brahmi 1–9 Posisi angka digunakan (positional) Menggunakan sistem nombor pecahan Memamhami asas geometri, algebra & trigonometri Peristiwa matematik Brahmagupta – algebra dan astronomi Mahavira – algebra arithmetik Bhaskara – masalah matematik Sridhara – konsep sifar Sistem nombor Hindu

500-1119 T.M. Tamadun Arab Peristiwa matematik Perkenalkan istilah algebra secara formal Mengembangkan banyak idea matematik yang digunakan oleh tokoh matematik Yunani dan Hindu Peristiwa matematik Simbol sifar digunakan Al Khwarizmi perkenalkan istilah algebra Pembinaan geometri Sifir trigonometri Persamaan kuadratik dan kubik Pascal’s triangle

1200 - 1599 Zaman Peralihan Penemuan penting Renaissance (1400-1600) membawa banyak penemuan baru Idea matematik menjadi tumpuan kajian tokoh sains Penemuan penting Sekuens Fibonacci, algebra matematik, geometri Penyelesaian persamaan matematik Buku-buku diterbitkan Aplikasi matematik ie geometri dan perspektif dalam dunia seni lukisan

Abad Kegemilangan 1600-1699 Pengembangan idea-idea utama Matematik terutama di Barat Pascal’s triangle Logik matematik Penaakulan matematik Kalkulator Simbol darab, bahagi, titik perpuluhan Sifar Tokoh-tokoh Pascal - teori kebarangkalian Leibniz – kalkulus dan logik simbolik Napier - logaritma Fermat - ujian nombor perdana Newton - graviti Descartes - geometri analitik

Awal Zaman Moden 1700-1900 Awal Zaman Moden Peristiwa matematik Matematik tradisional mengalami perubahan Penemuan baru dalam matematik – teori dan hukum baru Bidang matematik yang baru - geometri analitik, kalkulus and formula baru ditemui. Peristiwa matematik Algebra Boolean Pemfaktoran Sistem metrik Teori formal kebarangkalian Statistik

Zaman Moden Mulai 1900 Zaman Moden Peristiwa matematik Pengembangan idea-idea abstrak dalam matematik Penemuan teori baru diaplikasi dengan meluas dalam bidang sains, ICT, teknologi, ekonomi Teori kebarangkalian, nombor, set, logik … Peristiwa matematik Penyelesaian masalah Polya Teori relativiti Einstein Komputer Internet Penemuan astronomi ie kefahaman baru sistem solar

Development of Numbers Read about the Roman Numeration System Egyptian Numeration System Babylonian Numeration System What similarities do you find between these systems and our Hindu-Arabic system? In what ways are these systems different

Using Ancient Numbers Try the given exercise Are you glad you were not born in ancient Egypt or Babylon?

Development of Measurement What do our primary pupils learn to measure Length Weight Liquid capacity Time

The Length of One Yard To measure a yard in the imperial system, hold the end of the tape measure on the tip of your nose, and stretch your arm and hand out as far as you can, just above shoulder height. Pull the tape tight. In ancient times, King Henry I was the standard, not this boy!

The History of Measurement Non-Standard Standardized Imperial Metric yard, foot, span, step, pebble, grains, sea shell inches, miles, pound, ounce mm, cm, m, mg, g, kg, ml, l

The History of Time Based on regular repetitions Rotation of earth on its axis Movement of the moon – the lunar calendar Movement of the sun – the Gregorian calendar

The Measurement of Time CLOCKS

History of Money

Coins and Notes

Questions to Ponder Which civilizations made significant contributions to mathematics? Who were the earliest mathematicians? What important ideas did they bring to mathematics? Are these ideas still important to us today? Do modern inventions make use of these mathematical ideas?

Important Mathematicians Al-Khwarizmi Omar Khayyam Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) Newton Descartes Gauss Napier Cantor Leibniz Zu Chongzhi Liu Hui Liu Hong Cheng Dawei Archimedes Euclid Hippocrates Pythagoras Plato Ramanujan Aryabhata I Bhaskara II