Biotechnology Ms. Hughes Biology

Secrets of the Human Genome/DNA (Chromosomes) The sequencing of the human genome has advanced the study of human biology yet created new questions. We know the sequence and codes of DNA in every chromosome now!

Surprising Findings Humans have few genes Most human DNA is noncoding Many human genes are identical to those of other species All humans are genetically close

Applications of Human Genetics Genomics and gene technologies have many applications in human health care. 1 - Diagnosing and preventing Disease Can determine if a child would be born with specific diseases. 2 - Treating Disease Can make insulin in yeast cells (prokaryotes) and insert it people! 3 - Identifying individuals Can identify people who carry diseases inside and don’t show symptoms yet.

Ongoing work Many important questions about the human genome remain to be investigated or decided. How do our genes interact? How unique are we? Can genetics help us live longer? How should we deal with ethical issues?

Manipulating Genes In biology proteins are the “actors” and genes are the “directors” what do you think this means? Gene technologies are now widely applied to study organisms in new ways, to alter organisms for human use and to improve human lives.

Genetic Engineering The application of science for specific purposes is often referred to as genetic engineering or the deliberate alteration of the genetic material of an organism. This usually involves inserting copies of a gene from one organism into another organism. DNA that has been recombined by genetic engineering is called recombinant DNA.

Activity GMO – genetically modified organism ( what does this mean if we “modified” the genes?)

Everyday applications of GMO Food crops – disease resistant crops Live stock – animal breeding Medical treatment – insulin Basic Research Tools – dolly

Manipulating Cell interactions Gene technologies can be used to manipulate the production of specific proteins at a specific time and in specific cells, tissues, organs or individuals. This manipulation can be done for medical treatment or simply for research.

Genes Gene map – an arrangement of genes on a chromosome.

Gene Mapping

Genome – a full set of chromosomes; all the inheritable traits of an organism.

Gene therapy – the application of genetic engineering to the transplantation of genes into human cells in order to cure a disease caused by a genetic defect, as a missing enzyme Video

Genetic Engineering Cloning – the process of producing an exact copy of something. Ex: asexual reproduction: star fish. Problems: Most don’t survive for long Define genomic imprinting

Stem cells – a cell that upon division replaces its own numbers and also gives rise to cells that differentiate further into one or more specialized types Issues Ethical An embryo made through SCNAT does not have true parents what is the other reason? Video

Selective breeding – the intentional mating of two animals in an attempt to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or for the elimination of a trait

Inbreeding – the mating of closely related individuals, as cousins, sire-daughter, brother-sister, or self-fertilized plants, which tends to increase the number of individuals that are homozygous for a trait and therefore increases the appearance of recessive traits.

Hybridization – production of the offspring of two animals or plants of different breeds, varieties, species, or genera, especially as produced through human manipulation for specific genetic characteristics.

Animals are often a good example of selective breeding and done through inbreeding .