Monday, January 9, 2017 KARYOTYPE ACTIVITY DUE – INBOX Please grab the papers from the entry table. You will also need scissors, glue and your journal. Complete the karyotype wks for your warm-up. We will go over it together.

Bell-Ringer 1/10 Have the Blue paper in front of you and ready to go!

How do we get grapes without seeds? How do we get squared watermelon? Biotechnology 9/18/2018 How do we get grapes without seeds? How do we get squared watermelon? G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology Four hot topics in biotechnology: Animal Cloning 9/18/2018 Biotechnology Four hot topics in biotechnology: Animal Cloning DNA Fingerprinting Genetically modified food Stem Cells G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Stations Complete the stations in the folder on your desks. You will complete each station BY YOURSELF. Raise your hand if you have a question; I’d be happy to help. 

Animal Cloning The process of making a genetically identical organism through non-sexual means. It has been used for many years to produce plants. Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific experiments for years, but got little attention until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997 – Dolly the sheep.

Animal Cloning

Human Cloning

Cell Differentiation All of the cells in our body – heart, skin, bones, nerves, ovaries – come from one zygote. Each cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function!

Stem Cells Undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. This happens by expressing certain combinations of genes and repressing others.

Environmental Effects An organism’s phenotype (appearance) should reflect the organism’s genotype (pair of alleles). However, the environment may influence the expression of the organism’s genes. In reality, phenotype is a combination of an organism’s genes, environment, as well as other factors.

Environmental Effects

Sex is determined by temperature Sex is determined by the temperature the eggs are incubated at. In the red-eared slider turtle, eggs above 30 degree Celsius produce all females In the snapping turtle, eggs below 22 degree Celsius or above 28 Celsius will be female. Between 25-27 C males predominate.

DNA Fingerprinting Like the fingerprints that came into use by detectives and police labs during the 1930s, each person has a unique DNA fingerprint. Often used in crime scenes and paternity tests. DNA is cut, separated and run through gel.

Restriction Enzymes DNA is very long, so it must be cut into pieces with restriction enzymes before it can be compared. Restriction Enzymes are proteins that recognizes a specific, short nucleotide sequence and cuts the DNA only at that specific site. The sizes of the pieces are measured in bp or base pairs.

Gel Electrophoresis A scientist would use a gel electrophoresis machine to organize the pieces by size. The machine spreads out the DNA pieces, pushing the smallest pieces furthest from the beginning.

Gel Electrophoresis The resulting DNA fingerprint (bands) looks like the bar codes used by scanners in stores

DNA Fingerprinting

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering, or GE. Virtually all commercial GMOs are engineered to withstand direct application of herbicide and/or to produce an insecticide. 

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)