Sexually Transmitted Disease Research By: Erinda Sheno

STD/STI’s: What Are They? “Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are spread from person to person through sexual contact.” All STD’s start as STI’s; when an STI is spread and not treated, it can turn into a disease (STD) Common STD/STI’s To Know: HIV HPV Herpes Hepatitis B Gonorrhea Syphilis Chlamydia The STDs listed in red are viral STIs-- they cause certain types of cancers and genital warts. The ones listed in blue are bacterial STIs-- they are usually cured with antibiotics. HIV, HPV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are often asymptomatic (meaning they don’t show symptoms).

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) : A Brief History -HIV is believed to have started in the 1920s, in the DRC, when “HIV crossed-species from chimpanzees into humans”. -We did not start knowing that people developed HIV or AIDS until the 1980s. -In the beginning, it was called ‘gay-related immune deficiency’ because of the increased cases among gay men. -Then, in 1983, it was determined that the virus wasn’t exclusive to gay men, but anyone could get it. -The FDA, CDC, and WHO all worked to find a cure/antibodies to combat the virus.

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) : A Brief History -By the end of the 1980s, reported cases of AIDs in the U.S. had reached 100,000. -In 1994, the first non-blood HIV test was approved. -By the mid-90s there was an estimated 23 million people living with HIV-- drugs that made living with HIV easier, were approved. -By the end of the 90s, it was the fourth biggest cause of death worldwide. -Through the 2000s more people were receiving treatment and more global AIDs funds were started.

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) : How is it spread? HIV is spread through direct contact in one of the following ways: Sexual activity with an infected person Sharing or using a contaminated needle Contact between infected blood and your own blood Mother to child before birth, during birth, or through breast feeding

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV): The Statistics-- Persons Living with HIV CITY 13-19: 91 out of total of 8,209 20-24: 405 25-29: 935 30-39: 1,814 40-49: 2,063 *2015 statistics STATE 13-19: 11 times greater than 13 and less 20-44 years: 188 persons per 100,000 population living with HIV 44+: 170 persons per 100,000 population *2007 COUNTRY 13-19: 4% (1,723 out of people diagnosed) 20-29: 37% 30-39: 24% 40-49: 17% 50-59: 12% *2016 WORLD 36.7 million people in the world are diagnosed with HIV 1.8 million of those people are children (younger than 15) *2015

HIV: The Symptoms Fever Mouth ulcers Rash Swollen lymph nodes REMEMBER: You can’t tell if you have HIV from symptoms-- the only way to know is to get tested. Some people may not even get symptoms. However, these are the ones to look out for within 2-4 weeks after infection: Fever Mouth ulcers Rash Swollen lymph nodes

HIV: The Treatment Sadly, no cure for the virus yet exists. However, consistent treatment of HIV through antiretroviral therapy helps control the virus so that one can live a longer, healthier life. Antiretroviral therapy involves taking medicines that prevent HIV from multiplying in the body. All patients are recommended this treatment if they don’t want HIV to attack their immune system and develop into AIDs The six drug classes that include medicines to fight HIV: -Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) -Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) -Protease inhibitors (PIs) -Fusion inhibitors -CCR5 antagonists (CCR5s) (also called entry inhibitors) -Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) Why I chose this project: I wanted to expand my knowledge on STD/STI’s, and most especially this particular STI because of how prevalent it is in our society. I wanted to learn more about HIV in general, but here are the facts I found really interesting (here’s what gives me hope): UNAIDS set forth a strategy that hopes to achieve ‘zero discrimination’ by 2021 Millions of people are receiving treatment The number of AIDs related deaths has fallen

Works cited http://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html http://www.phila.gov/health/pdfs/2014%20Surveillance%20Report%20Final.pdf https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/how-you-get-hiv-aids/ https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/stateprofiles/pdf/pennsylvania_profile.pdf