Middle Ages

Decline of the Roman Empire The Middle Ages: 500 – 1500 The Medieval Period Rise of the Middle Ages Decline of the Roman Empire

Western Europe

Early Middle Ages 450 - 1050

Germanic Peoples Roman empire overran by Germanic groups with repeated invasions and constant warfare Breakdown of trade: money became scarce. Cities abandoned – no longer center of economy or administration Population became rural. Decline of literacy – priests and other church officials were the few that were literate. Breakup of unified empire – language began to change. No longer Latin. End of Democracy

End of Democracy Rome Unified by loyalty to public government and written law Orderly government Germanic Family ties and personal loyalty People lived in small communities governed by unwritten rules and traditions Ruled by a Chief who led a band or warriors loyal only to him – not some emperor they’d never seen

European Empire Evolves After the decline of the Roman Empire small kingdoms sprang up all over Europe. The largest and the strongest was controlled by the Franks Lead by Clovis – first Christian king Area that is now France Greatest king was Charlemagne most powerful king in Western Europe encouraged learning

Charlemagne Separated Muslim/Christian Europe Coronated “Emperor of the Romans” Gov’t Regions managed by Count Missi dominici (lords messengers) kept eye on counts Education (modeled after Rome) New bible & Bishops created Libraries

Charlemagne’s Sons Treaty of Verdun- Split Kingdom into 3 parts for each son Charles, Louis, Lothair Western Kingdom= Charles Middle Kingdom=Lothair Eastern Kingdom=Louis Invaders Muslims (Mediterranean) Slavs (Central Europe) Magyars (Hungary) Vikings (North; Norsemen) Strong, determined, smart, cruel, skilled

Vikings Attack Charlemagne's empire was broken up by his grandsons and was soon destroyed by invaders who would attack by sea, raid and plunder, then be quickly out to sea again. Vikings – Germanic people called Norsemen From Scandinavia Worshipped warlike gods Warriors, traders, farmers, and explorers

While the Roman Empire declined the Church remained Power of the Church While the Roman Empire declined the Church remained Missionaries succeeded in spreading Christianity Adapted to rural conditions by building monasteries – religious communities Rules established by Benedict Became best educated communities Shared belief bonded the people together The church served as a stable force as well as social center

Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure The Clergy Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure

Power of the Church Provided a unifying set of spiritual beliefs and rituals Created a system of justice to guide peoples conduct – Cannon Law – the law of the church excommunication – banishment interdict – the denial of sacraments - important religious ceremonies (baptism, last rights)

Feudalism Think of a chess set

The nobles promised to help fight the king’s enemies.

The kings gave land to the nobles under him.

The nobles were called vassals of the king The nobles were called vassals of the king. The vassals who fought for their king or for other nobles were called knights.

A serf was someone who farmed the land A serf was someone who farmed the land. Serfs had to pay rent and taxes to the nobles.

Feudalism Based on mutual obligation Provide knights in times of war Fiefs – land grants Military protection Fiefs – land grants service protection Based on mutual obligation

Feudalism Manors The lords estate – The lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland and protection Serfs tended the lands, cared for the animals, maintained the estate

Feudalism Manors Peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from the manor Was home to 15 – 30 families Self-Sufficient community Peasants heavily taxed, including a tithe – a church tax of 1/10 their income

High Middle Ages 1050 - 1300

A violent society Noble’s constantly fought each other Defend estates Seize new territories Increase wealth Kept Europe fragmented Glorification of warriors

The Age of Chivalry The mounted Knights were the most important part of an Army Professional solders – main obligation was to serve in battle Rewarded with land Devoted lives to war

The Age of Chivalry Chivalry – a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters His feudal lord His Heavenly Lord His Lady Meant to protect the weak and the poor Be loyal, brave, and courteous

The Age of Chivalry Sons of nobles began training at an early age for knighthood Page – at 7 they were sent to another lord to be trained Squire – at 14 they act as a servant to a knight Knight- at 21 they become a knight and gain experience in local wars and tournaments

The Age of Chivalry Tournaments – mock battles that combined recreation and combat training Fierce and bloody competitions

Castles and Keeps Stone castles were encircled by massive walls and guard towers Home to lord and lady, their family, knights solders, and servants A fortress of defense

Castles and Keeps

Late Middle Ages The Crusades Pope Urban II The 8 Crusades Motivated Christians to take back Jerusalem from Muslim control The 8 Crusades 1. Christians took control of Jerusalem 2. Muslims took control of Jerusalem 3. Richard the Lion Hearted (England) tried to take Egypt & Jerusalem but was defeated 4. Pope Innocent sent Venetians to Constantinople but their behavior kept them from going any further. Children’s Crusade: resulted in death and enslavement in Africa 5. Fought to conquer Egypt: Christians lost 6. No battles but diplomatic agreement gave Jerusalem to Christians 7. Lead by Louis IX of France but he was captured and released for ransom 8. Louis attacked Tunis in N. Africa, lost

The Magna Carta Effects: King John of England Developed cities Trade, transportation routes United W. Europe Developed respect for the scholarly Moslems Increase Kings power Renaissance King John of England Ruthless, cruel, egotistical June 12, 1215 Magna Carta (The Great Charter) was signed No taxes collected unless by “common consent”: Lead to no taxation w/out representation No freeman could be tried except by his peers: lead to our jury system Limited government

High Middle Ages By the end of the High Middle Ages Western European nations gained much of the shape by which we know them today They became more stable and began concentrating on establishing stronger political structures

The Black Death a.k.a. Bubonic Plague 1347 Spread by black rat fleas on ships coming from the Middle east to Italy More died in cities because of proximity and lack of sanitation Jews were blamed & killed because they drank from streams and not wells By 1350 30% of population had died Florence: 2/3 people died

Late Middle Ages 1300 - 1527

The Renaissance 1300-1600 New ideas and interest Arts, Science, education Greek and Roman influenced The Crusades opened up new trade routes for goods and ideas to be exchanged New sense of peace = free travel Materialism more of a priority than spirituality Cities grew Manors no longer the center of life Italian City States Set a trend of people living in cities $ made by goods not land owned The Medici family became Patrons for the arts Art: Patrons: People who sponsor artists Humanity (everyday life & portraits for patrons) Leonardo Davinci: The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

5 major developments of the Late Middle Ages The Hundred Years War Fought between the French and English for the French throne Massively destructive Gun powder and heavy artillery

3) The Fall of the Byzantine Empire 2) The Papal Schism 3 popes Loss of respectability due to political involvements 3) The Fall of the Byzantine Empire Turks begin assault on Western boarders 4) Famines Climate became colder and rainier Harvests shrank Population doubled Move back to towns

5) Black Death The Bubonic Plague killed 1/3 – ½ of European population