Introduction to Chemistry CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Chemistry is… The study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes Chemistry has application to everyday life. How many of you are wearing clothes that have been dyed? Washed? Dry cleaned? How many have you have ever taken medicine for an illness or seasonal allergies? Anyone travel in a car that runs on gasoline? How about wearing shoes? Anyone Cook? Use a cell phone? Listen to music?

1. Organic Chemistry Study of substances containing carbon For example, petroleum based products, fuels, etc

2. Inorganic Chemistry Study of substances that do not contain carbon For example, rocks, precious metals, mining

3. Analytical Chemistry Study of the composition of substances For example, finding small quantities of medication in blood For example, finding minute quantities of a medication in blood

4. Physical Chemistry Study of the behavior of chemicals For example, the stretching of nylon, bathing suits, chewing gum For example, finding minute quantities of a medication in blood

5. Biochemistry Study of the chemistry of living things For example, the process of digestion and respiration For example, finding minute quantities of a medication in blood

Applications of Chemistry: Materials Energy Medicine and biotechnology Agriculture Environment Astronomy Materials – 3000 years ago, iron ores were first made ( iron and carbon heated together); 500 years ago steel, brass, bronze and ceramics were made. Today is the age of plastics. Count how many times you have encountered plastic today. Energy – greater standards of living means a greater demand for energy to power homes. Today we rely heavily on petroleum products which were formed millions of years ago from decaying organic matter. What will happen when all the crude oil is used up? Hybrid cars may hold the answer. What about solar power, wind power, nuclear power? Medicine and Biotechnology – vitamins, medicines, cavities, human genome project Agriculture – making hardier and more productive plants Environment – clean air, smog pollution Astronomy and Space Exploration – Is there life on other planets?

CHEMISTRY is ALL AROUND You… You just need to learn how to look for it!!!

The Scientific Method Observation (use your senses) O.H.E.C. Not AGAIN!!! Observation (use your senses) Hypothesis (explanation for observation) Experiment (test the hypothesis) Qualitative data = descriptive Quantitative data = measurements Conclusion (what did you find?)

Laws and Theories Theory = an idea that is widely supported by scientific experimentation Gives one the power to predict the behavior of natural systems EX: cell theory Law = concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments EX: Laws of thermodynamics

EOC Questions CHAPTER 1 Page 25 # 16, 18, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31

CHAPTER 2 Matter and Change

Matter is… Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space Mass = the amount of matter an object contains Space = volume

Classification of Matter Pure Substance = contains only one kind of matter; chemical composition is uniform Element = one type of atom Ex: nitrogen (N2), carbon Compound = more than one type of atom chemically combined Ex: CO2, H2O

Classification of Matter Mixture = a physical blend of two or more substances; Homogenous mixtures = same composition throughout; also known as solutions Ex: salt water solution Heterogenous mixtures = different compositions throughout Ex: ocean water

Mixtures can be separated by physical methods. Here are some examples… Filtration (heterogeneous mixtures) Components separated based on size Distillation (homogenous mixtures) A solution is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid Chromatography A solution is separated as it passes over a solid

Element or Compound? Glucose (C6H12O6) Neon gas (Ne) Nitrogen gas (N2)

Heterogenous or Homogenous? Tap water Muddy water Soda Orange juice with pulp

Classification of Matter

Review Element, compound or mixture??? Lemonade Pure water CO2 Dirt Oxygen

Mixture Separation Challenge How would you separate… Red m&m’s from green m&m’s Salt from salt water Iron from a mixture of iron and sand Salt from sand Salt from pepper

Pre-Class Element, compound or mixture??? Lemonade Pure water CO2 Dirt Oxygen

Mixture Separation Lab Mixture of salt, sand, iron, sulfur…how would you separate the mixture into its individual components? Think physical properties of each…

States of Matter

States of Matter 1. Solid Shape: Definite Volume: Definite Compressibility: None Particle Spacing: close together Particle Movement: very little (low energy)

States of Matter 2. Liquid Shape: Indefinite Volume: Definite Compressibility: slight Particle Spacing: not as close as a solid Particle movement: more movement than solid

States of Matter 3. Gas Shape: Indefinite Volume: Indefinite Compressibility: Great Particle Spacing: far apart Particle Movement: Fast (lot of energy)

Is a gas the same thing as a vapor? Gas = a substance that exists as a gas at room temperature Ex: air Vapor = gaseous state of substance that is normally a solid or liquid at room temperature Ex: steam = gaseous form of water

Describing Matter

Physical Properties Qualities of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition Include color, solubility, odor, hardness, density, melting point and boiling point Help chemists identify substances

Using physical properties to identify an unknown… READ ONLY Using physical properties to identify an unknown… Two clear liquids Liquid A boils at 100oC and melts at 0oC Liquid B boils at 78oC and melts at -117oC A B

Physical Change Change in matter without a change in the chemical composition Ex: boil, freeze, dissolve, melt, condense, break, split, crack, grind, crush…

Chemical Properties The ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and to form new substances is called a chemical property

Chemical Changes One or more substances combine to form new and different substances EX: rusting, decomposing, rotting, spoiling, exploding, corroding, burning,

How to tell whether a chemical reaction has taken place? Energy is always absorbed or given off in a chemical reaction Change in color Change in odor Production of a gas NEW SUBSTANCE FORMED

Things to Know for TEST FRIDAY VOCABULARY Branches of chemistry Steps of the scientific method Classifying matter (element, compound, mixture; heterogenous, homogeneous) Characteristics of the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) Physical properties Physical change vs chemical change Evidence of a chemical change

EOC Questions CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Page 25 # 16, 18, 30, 31