EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

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Presentation transcript:

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS CHAPTER 15

What is Epidemiology?

Table 33-1

Epidemiology What is Epidemiology? Etiology Incidence Prevalence causation a/a+b

Epidemiological Terms Morbidity Mortality

Figure 33-6

Diseases in Populations Endemic Epidemic Pandemic Sporadic

Figure 33-2

Incidence Types

Disease Spread Common Source Outbreak Propagated Epidemic

Epidemiologic Studies Descriptive Analytical Experimental

The Basic Triad Of Descriptive Epidemiology THE THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE WE LOOK FOR IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY: TIME PLACE PERSON

Time Changing or stable? Seasonal variation. Clustered (epidemic) or evenly distributed (endemic)? Point source or propagated.

Place Geographically restricted or widespread (pandemic)? Relation to water or food supply. Multiple clusters or one?

Person Age Socio-economic status Gender Ethnicity/Race Behavior

The Basic Triad Of Analytic Epidemiology THE THREE PHENOMENA ASSESSED IN ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE: HOST Define host, agent? AGENT ENVIRONMENT

Agents Nutrients Poisons Allergens Radiation Physical trauma Microbes Psychological experiences

Host Factors Genetic endowment Immunologic state Age Personal behavior

Environment Crowding Atmosphere Modes of communication – phenomena in the environment that bring host and agent together, such as: Vector Vehicle Reservoir

Infection Reservoirs Human Animal Non-living

Microbe Spread Portals of Entry

Microbe Spread Portals of Exit

Modes of Disease Transmission Contact Vehicles Vectors

Problems in Disease Transmission Disease Cycles Herd Immunity

Controlling Disease Transmission Biosafety

Public Health Organizations Center for Disease Control (CDC) World Health Organization (WHO)

Notifiable Diseases Definition: Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases

Nosocomial Infections Sources

Nosocomial Infection Risks Susceptibility Transmission Universal Precautions

Blood- Other stream 17% infections 14% Surgical site infections 22% Figure 33-9 Blood- stream infections 14% Other 17% Surgical site infections 22% Urinary tract infections 32% Pneumonia 15%

Risks Equipment/Procedures Sites of Infection

Bioterrorism

Anthrax

Smallpox