Topic 3 – Ancient Greece Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Who were they? The Ancient Greeks were a culture spread over a large section of the Mediterranean. Religion was a very key part of their everyday lives. They use their religion to understand why things happened, such as the weather or problems. These became known as myths. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Who were they? The period of Ancient Greece was around 1000 BC and 150 BC and in this time many men became interested in scientific and philosophical teachings. This interest drove research into scientific understanding of medicine. This led to many breakthroughs in the understanding of medicine and meant that causes for things started to be taken away from the gods and given natural reasons. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary Ancient Greece: Disease and Infection Religion—Asclepia and Asclepius Hippocrates: oath, record and observe, collection of books, 4 humours Emphasis on self—diet and exercise Herbal remedies Factors Individual Genius Religion Technology Luck Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection The Cult of Asclepius Asclepius was the Greek God of healing, and began to be worshipped in the fifth century BC. Temples called ‘asclepions’ was were built for his worship. People would visit the temples, stay overnight and offer gifts and pray to Asclepios in the hope that he or his daughters would visit and cure them. Many people reported success after their visit. Visiting an asclepion was a popular way of treating illness all the way thought the Ancient Greek and Roman period. People could appeal to the gods if doctors couldn’t cure them. There was one in every town. If people were ill they received prayer and ceremonial washing and sacrifice from the priest. It was said that during the night Asclepius and his two daughters would visit patients; Asclepius’ snake would then apparently cure blindness Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Aristotle Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and worked on medical theories. He did not believe in dissecting a human, like most Greeks of the time, thinking it a sin to gods to cut open the body. His medical knowledge of anatomy in the body came from dissecting animals. This meant that his ideas on how to cure illnesses in the body were based on incorrect information. For example, he believed that the intelligence of an animal came from the heart and that veins and arteries were the same things. Aristotle’s works helped drive new theories after his death, but his actual theories were often very wrong. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Hippocrates (c.460—c.370 BC) Ancient Greek physician Believed that all diseases had natural causes and should be treated with physical rather than supernatural cures This was a crucial breakthrough in the history of medicine: doctors now looked for the natural, rather than supernatural, basis of disease. Medical texts called ‘Hippocratic books’ written by Hippocrates or his disciples emphasised that when looking to treat an illness his focus should be on the patient—clinical observation. His ‘Hippocratic Oath’ laid down the ethical guideline for doctors for centuries to come. (still in use today) Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Clinical Observation The careful study and noting down of a patient’s symptoms so that the course of a disease could be worked out and then applied to other causes. Treatment would only begin once the doctor was sure of the illness. Natural remedies would then be used; surgery was a last resort. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Before Hippocrates healing was attempted through: Prognosis This was the idea that doctors could predict how ill the patient would be during the illness and how best to cure them because of this. This was achieved by considering previous cases they had treated and repeating the successful treatments at the time they thought was best in relation to the time it took to heal the last patient. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection With Hippocrates healing was attempted through: Diagnosis This was the idea that a patient should be continuously monitored to observe the condition and analyse the symptoms. Thee doctor would then consider the condition against previous patients and their conditions to see if their symptoms were any different. Treatment was given by attempting to heal the observations made rather than predicting a cure, like prognosis. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Four Humours Greek philosophers believed that the human body was made up of four humours: Blood Phlegm Black Bile Yellow Bile Each of these humours was connected to a season. The type of symptom were linked to that season, as were the humours that caused the illness. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection The theory held that these humours needed to be in perfect balance for a person to be healthy and was hugely influential in the history of medicine; it survived up until the nineteenth century. They though that if the humour of the season was too high, there might be a problem. They also based this around the four elements. They thought that the elements could tell them the following information to help diagnose the patient: Too much fire = Choleric (bad temper and angry) Too much air = sanguine (hopeful and full of courage) Too much water = phlegmatic (showing little emotion) Too much earth = melancholic (restless and sad) Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Treatment of the Four Humours Doctors attempted to rebalance the humours by various methods. A change of diet and exercise was the first prescription by a doctor, to try and balance the humours. They would then increase the opposite humour, so for instance with a fever, which is hot and dry, they would increase the phlegm to counter it. This was done by ordering a cold bath. They would then try to release the high humour. One such treatment was bleeding. Bleeding would be used in the case of fever because it can also be hot and wet, which were believed to be qualities of blood. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Disease and Infection Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary Ancient Greece: Surgery and Anatomy Much sharper metals—more precise Wine and Vinegar War Alexandria 331BC Herophillus and Erasistratos Factors Luck Technology Money Government Individual Genius Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Surgery and Anatomy Anatomy Alexandria in Egypt was founded in c.331 BC by Alexander the Great who built the famous ‘Great Library’ there which attracted the greatest Greek scholars The dissection of human bodies was crucial to understanding anatomy, and was permitted at Alexandria after Aristotle and Plato agreed that the body wouldn’t be needed in the afterlife. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Surgery and Anatomy Alexandria Herophilus discovered the brain’s connection to the nervous system and Erasistratus realised that blood moves inside veins. For a short time, doctors were even allowed to dissect living humans. This was a decree that was passed which allowed prisoners who were condemned to death to be dissected for medical purposes whilst still alive. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Surgery and Anatomy Surgery The discoveries about anatomy at Alexandria helped surgeons understand the human body better, but without anaesthetics and with only herbal antiseptics surgery remained dangerous. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Surgery and Anatomy This meant a patient could die from shock or infection very easily. On the other hand, due to the wars of the city—states, doctors were well trained in first aid and could perform external surgical procedures like the Egyptians Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Surgery and Anatomy Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary Ancient Greece: Public Health Asclepia Emphasis on self Hippocrates Factors Government Money Religion Individual Genius Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Public Health The Greeks believed in keeping the body healthy as was shown by the Hippocratic belief of balancing the healthy body. To help the Greeks know more about healthy living and the best way to live, the Hippocratic books suggested what food to eat, what time it should be consumed, what exercise to carry out and how to achieve the bests standards of hygiene. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Public Health Greek medicine has made a lasting effect on medicine, and Hippocrates’ method of signing in a doctor, to make them swear the Hippocratic Oath, is still used today. This is also true of his use of diagnosis and clinical observation. These practices are used in all hospitals and no patient is cured without being observed by a doctor first. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ancient Greece Public Health However towns were extremely crowded, and only an extremely basic sewer system existed. The government left the people to clean themselves and the streets. As a result they were extremely dirty causing outbreaks of plague. Asclepions provided treatment Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part A’s They are worth 5 marks. You should spend 5 minutes on this question. You should identify 5 key points/ideas. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe the Theory of Four Humours. phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile, staying in balance, balanced diet, exercise helps keep them in balance, they increase in different times of the year, treatments based on the theory. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe Hippocrates’ clinical method of observation. observe the patient/symptoms of a disease, record what is seen, record how the patient progresses/the disease develops. Studying the whole patient. The resulting notes will be helpful in the future. Doctors more likely to find the right cure if they seek the cause of the disease carefully. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe the Greek ideas of a healthy lifestyle. The Greeks would walk before a meal to clear out the body and would drink more in the summer to keep the body cold and balance the humours sport (eg running, throwing, wrestling), eating and drinking in moderation, wash everyday, cleaning teeth. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe what happened at an Asclepion. Patients prayed to be cured and gave offerings to the god, patients slept in the abaton, and while asleep they were visited by Asclepios and his daughters. They cured the patient. People also went there to bathe and meditate, go to the gymnasium and to exercise. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part B’s They are worth 7 marks. You should spend 10 minutes on this question. You should identify 3 reasons why. Each reason should start a paragraph. There should be another 2-3 sentences explaining the reasons. Remember to include a WOW fact! Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why the Theory of Four Humours is important in the history of medicine. natural explanation, moved Greeks from Gods to natural, kept alive by Galen, accepted through Middle Ages, practices based on it continue after Middle Ages. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why the Theory of Four Humours is important in the history of medicine. It was important because it was around for so long. It was thought up the Greeks but was believed for thousands of years afterwards. Throughout the Middle Ages the main treatments used were bleeding and purging and these were based on the Four Humours because they were ways of getting rid of the humours that had got out of balance. So most of medieval medicine was based on the Theory. This is why it is important. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why the Greeks were able to make so much progress in medicine. ideas of philosophers, Greek curiosity about how the world worked, great individuals such as Hippocrates, Alexandria, Ideas coming in from other countries eg Egypt, China, India, the importance of recording symptoms and treatments, the importance of observation (clinical method of observation). Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain the Greeks were able to make so much progress in medicine. The Greeks were able to make so much progress because of their interest in how the world worked. They studied the world around them including the human body. This led them to the Theory of the Four Humours and the idea that disease had natural causes. They thought there were four humours in the human body. People became ill when these were not in balance. So someone would vomit when the humours were out of balance. They got to this idea by studying people when they were ill and seeing they were vomiting or had lots of phlegm. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

‘Religion hindered medical progress during the time of the Ancient Egyptians and Greeks.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*