Plant Types/ Parts and Functions

Plants: Grouped by characteristics Vascular Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves Roots can be different sizes: Fibrous and tap roots Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking in water and minerals, and store food. Nonvascular Simple; most grow in moist places No vascular tissues.

Angiosperms are fruit or flower bearing. Two Types of Plants Angiosperms are fruit or flower bearing. Gymnosperms are naked seeds and cone bearing.

Angiosperms Two Groups: Monocots and Dicots

Image found at: www.webinstituteforteachers.org Parts of The Plant Roots Leaves Stem Flower Seed Image found at: www.webinstituteforteachers.org

Image found at: http://www.puc.edu Roots 2 Types of Root Systems Taproot Fibrous System Image found at: http://www.puc.edu

Roots Taproot System Primary roots grow down from the stem with some secondary roots forming Image found at: http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu

Roots Fibrous Root System Small lateral roots that spread out just below the soil surface Image found at: www.wildmanstevebrill.com

Can you identify these root types?

Roots have 4 primary functions Root Functions Roots have 4 primary functions Absorption of water and nutrients performed by root hairs Transportation of water and nutrients to stem Anchor plant to maintain stability Store food and water

Parts of the Root Epidermis Cortex Outermost layer of cells, like the skin of the root Cortex Tissue inside epidermis that stores starch and other substances for the growth of the root

Image found at: www.cactus-art.biz Parts of the Root Root Cap Provides protection for the root tip Root Hairs Site of absorption Vascular Tissue Within cortex, contains cells that transport water, nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the plant Image found at: www.cactus-art.biz Image found at: www.bio.psu.edu

Important Functions of Leaves Photosynthesis Process that plants use to produce their food 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Transpiration Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide

Leaf Parts Blade Petiole Midrib Main body of leaf Attaches blade to stem Midrib Large central vein Image found at: www.yourdictionary.com

Leaf Parts Apex Base Margin Epidermis Stomata Mesophyll Tip of leaf Attaches to petiole – if petiole is absent, attaches directly to stem Margin Edge of leaf Epidermis “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange Stomata Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange Mesophyll Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs

Image found at: www.karencarr.com Functions of the Stem Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves Supports leaves, fruit, and flowers Food storage Image found at: www.karencarr.com

Parts of the Stem Node Internode Xylem Phloem Pith Areas where side branches and leaves develop Internode Area between nodes Xylem Carries nutrients up Phloem Carries nutrients down Pith Stores food Image found at: www.ext.colostate.edu

Flower Function Sexual Reproduction!!!! Flowers are pollinated by: Wind Insects Birds

Flower Parts Pistil Female part of plant Containing: Stigma Style Ovary Image found at: www.howe.k12.ok.us

Flower Parts Stamen Male reproductive part Contains Anther Filament Image found at: www.botanyworld.com

Flower Parts Petals Sepals Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands Sepals Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu

Parts of the Seed Embryo Endosperm Cotyledon Seed Coat Growing part of seed containing: Plumule – “Shoot” Hypocotyl – Stem Radical – “Root” Endosperm Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed Cotyledon Food Storage Seed Coat Protective outer covering of the seed

Image found at: www.puc.edu Parts of the Seed Image found at: www.puc.edu

Pollination Flowering plants use the wind, insects, bats, birds and mammals to transfer pollen from the male (stamen) part of the flower to the female (stigma) part of the flower.

Pollination A flower is pollinated when a pollen grain lands on its stigma. Each carpel grows into a fruit which contains the seeds.

Fertilisation Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule. Fertilised ovules develop into seeds. The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary.

Wind pollination Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attract insects. They do have stamens and carpels. These flowers are pollinated by the wind.

Seed dispersal Seeds are dispersed in many different ways: Wind Explosion Water Animals Birds Scatter

How birds and animals help seed dispersal Some seeds are hidden in the ground as a winter store. Some fruits have hooks on them and cling to fur or clothes.

How birds and animals help seed dispersal Birds and animals eat the fruits and excrete the seeds away from the parent plant.

Physical Adaptations Allowing Plants to Survive on Land Cuticle – waxy covering of leaf for water loss protection Spores and Seeds – reproductive cell protection Tissue for absorbing and transporting materials Spines and needles making ingestion difficult. Storing water in stem as a cactus does.

Cuticle Waxy coating preventing water loss

Seeds Embryo surrounded by a protective coating

Moss (Spores) Haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wall

Foxglove plant produces a chemical affecting the heart

Poison Ivy

Chemical Adaptations Allowing Plants to Survive Chemicals that are toxic and can kill organisms eating them Foul odor Bitter taste Toxicity