Warm Up – March 27 Answer the following questions on a post it: 1. Describe differences between the fur trade of North America and the fur trade of Siberia 2. How were Russian settlers able to “Russify” native peoples? 3. How was Russian imperialism different from European imperialism?

Period 4: 1450-1750 (Global interactions) European and Asian Commerce

Portugal Trading Article Take notes while reading by focusing on the following topics: Ship Advancements made by Portugal What did Portugal do to secure their ability to trade? Where was Portugal able to establish port cities? Why are these important? What was significant about Portugal reaching Indonesia? What is significant about Portugal capturing a fort at Malacca? Where and why was Portugal able to continue trading in China when China was resistant to trade with outsiders?

Europeans and Asian Commerce European countries that got involved in Asian commerce = first the Portuguese, then the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British Motivations for European involvement in Asian commerce: Exotic spices = cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper Chinese silk Indian cotton and rhubarb Precious gems = emeralds, rubies, and sapphires

Europeans and Asian Commerce Goal of Europeans in Asia = trade, not empire-building

The East India Companies British and Dutch East India Companies Both militarily and economically stronger than Portugal  quickly overtook Portugal within the Indian Ocean network in the early 1600s Established their own parallel and competing trading post empires Dutch = focused on Indonesia British = focused on India

The East India Companies East India Companies = private trading companies that use merchant investors to raise money and share risks These companies were granted charters by their governments that allowed them to: Make war Govern conquered peoples Hold trading monopolies

Dutch East India Company Trading posts = in Indonesia Controlled production and shipping of: cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace (all spices) Seized control of spice-producing islands with force and bloodshed

British East India Company Trading posts = in India Did not practice “trade by warfare” like the Dutch  were no match for the Mughal Empire in India Secured their trading bases on the coast with the permission of Mughal authorities Usually took substantial payments and bribes Focus = Indian cotton textiles

Asian Commerce Impact of European involvement in Asian commerce = not very big on the major powers of South and East Asia (Mughal India, China, and Japan) Europe posed no real military or economic threat to them Were able to get rid of European intruders if need be

Japan and the Europeans When European merchants first arrived in Japan (1500s)  Japan = tied down with interior conflicts between competing daimyos (feudal lords), each with his own band of samurai Result = it was easy for the Europeans to stay there European ideas taken by the Japanese = shipbuilding skills, military technology, geographic knowledge, commercial opportunities, and religious ideas

Japan and the Europeans Early 1600s = Japan unified politically by military commanders Now led by the lead commander = shogun From the Tokugawa clan Set up the Tokugawa Shogunate Shoguns began to see Europeans as a threat to Japan’s new unity Tokugawa Ieyasu

Japan and the Europeans Result = Japan did the following: Expelled Christian missionaries Violently suppressed the practice of Christianity Included: Torture and execution of missionaries and converts Forbade Japanese people from travelling abroad Banned European traders from entering Japan Result = Japan became isolated from the world of European commerce for 2 centuries (1650-1850) Maintained trading ties with only China and Korea Painting of Japanese authorities

Explain the extent to which the Protestant Reformation represented a Turning Point in the Period from 1450 -1750 Thesis – The Protestant Reformation represented a turning point during the period from 1450-1750 by creating new branches of Christianity that helped to challenge the Catholic Church and also cause the Catholic Church to reform itself from within. Context – Martin Luther, a German priest, felt that the Catholic Church was too focused on building its own power and wealth at a time when the Catholic Church was very politically powerful. After writing his 95 theses, a pamphlet focused on the Catholic Church’s selling of indulgences, he sought to change the practices of the Catholic Church. Once the Church resisted, he led a movement to break away from the Church to create a new branch of Christianity.

1st Paragraph - Introduction The Protestant Reformation represented a turning point during the period from 1450-1750 by creating new branches of Christianity that helped to challenge the Catholic Church and also cause the Catholic Church to reform itself from within. Martin Luther, a German priest, felt that the Catholic Church was too focused on building its own power and wealth at a time when the Catholic Church was very politically powerful. After writing his 95 theses, a pamphlet focused on the Catholic Church’s selling of indulgences, he sought to change the practices of the Catholic Church. Once the Church resisted, he led a movement to break away from the Church to create a new branch of Christianity.

Paragraph 2 The creation of new branches of Christianity that challenged the power and authority of the Catholic Church helped to make the Reformation a turning point. Reformers felt that the Catholic Church should be more focused on teaching about God and the Bible. Instead, reformers viewed the Church as being more focused on building up its own power and wealth. The Church, instead of teaching about God’s gift of forgiveness as a way of achieving salvation, sold indulgences to anyone committing a sin letting them believe this was their “ticket to heaven.” One of the new branches of Christianity created as a result of the Reformation, sought to teach that having faith in God was the path to salvation. This challenged the Catholic Church and helped to attract more followers to the new branches of Protestanism.

Conclusion The Protestant Reformation as a turning point can be compared to the Crusades. Similar to the Protestant Reformation, the Crusades transformed the political and cultural structures of Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Prior to the Crusades, people lived and worked on manors. Trade had stopped and cultures rarely interacted with one another. The Crusades brought Europeans into contact with other cultures and goods which they sought to trade for. This need to trade brought an end to the feudal system and brought trade and cultural diffusion back to the civilizations of Western Europe.

Long Essay Practice Using specific examples, analyze causes of European exploration and effects on the Americas (Causation) 1st Paragraph - Introduction Thesis – respond directly to the question – include two examples that you will discuss This is causation so one example should be a cause and one should be an effect Contextualization (3 sentences) – What was European Exploration? Who was involved? 2nd Paragraph – Go into detail –use examples to support your first example 3rd Paragraph – go into detail – use examples to support your second example 4th Paragraph - Conclusion – Synthesis – connect the cause or effect of European Exploration to a similar event in history

TOD – March 27 Goals of Europeans in Asia Answer the following questions on the same post it as the warm up: Goals of Europeans in Asia Similarity and Difference between Dutch East India Company and British East India Company European ideas incorporated by Japanese What is a shogun? How did the emergence of shoguns influence how the Japanese viewed Europeans?

Causes of the Renaissance Cultural awakening in Western Europe Secularism People questioning the authority of the Church

Effects of the Renaissance Humanism = intellectual movement that focused on secular (worldly, nonreligious) themes rather than religious ideas that had dominated medieval thought individualism = emphasis on the dignity & worth of the individual person Opened schools that taught the humanities New types of literature Autobiographies The Prince = book written by Niccolo Machiavelli

Causes of the Reformation Selling church positions Selling indulgences = certificates issued by the church that reduced or canceled punishment for a person’s sins  people would buy them to ensure going to Heaven Luxurious life of the popes Corruption and immorality of some clergy

Effects of the Protestant Reformation Creation of Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglicanism Branches of Protestant Christianity Religious conflicts between Catholics and Hugenouts Catholic Counter – Reformation – Catholic Church reforming itself Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and practices Put an end to Church abuses, such as the selling of indulgences and church positions Put emphasis on creating a better-educated clergy

European Motivations for Exploration Wanted a quicker way to get eastern goods Wanted to spread Christianity Wanted Christian allies with whom they could face threatening Muslim powers Learning and imagination

European Advantages for Exploration Technology and Exploration New technology allowed explorers to venture away from the sight of land Magnetic compass More accurate maps Ships that used several masts & sails Efficiently mobilized human and material resources Seafaring technology allowed them to cross the Atlantic easily Ironworking technology Gunpowder weapons Horses Germs and Diseases – greatest weapon

Causes and Effects of the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange = the enormous network, migration, trade, spread of disease, and transfer of plants of animals between Europe and the Americas Effects on Europe: New information flooded - Led to the Scientific Revolution into Europe Gained wealth from the colonies - Led to the Industrial Revolution Colonies provided an outlet for Europe’s growing population Mercantilism = governments served their countries’ economic interests best by exporting more than they import

Effects of Columbian Exchange Effects on America: Disease New economies and social structures created by European powers Conflict Introduction of slavery

Causes and Social Effects of Atlantic Slave Trade Slaves needed to work on agricultural plantations Slaves needed to work fields to produce sugar – valuable commodity for Europeans Effects: African population decreases to transfer of slaves to Americas Slaves in America are not allowed a social status Slavery is inherited

Fur Trade in North America: Impact on Native Americans Positives Negatives Received items of real value (ex: copper pots, metal axes, etc.) Strengthened their relationships with neighboring peoples Enhance authority of chiefs  could give their followers gifts Protected them (for a while) from enslavement, extermination, or displacement Exposure to European diseases Competition between tribes for furs = resulted in conflict and warfare Often got caught up in European rivalries/conflicts Became dependent on European goods; never learned to make them themselves Alcohol-related problems resulting from influx of rum and brandy

Fur Trade North America vs. Siberia Several European nations competing Obtained furs using negotiations and trade with Native Americans Only Russians and native Siberians getting furs Obtaining furs themselves; no middlemen Russian authorities imposed a tax (payable in furs) on all Siberian men between 18 and 50  took hostages (who were sometimes executed) if taxes not paid

Chinese women making silk Silver and China Impact of silver on China’s economy: Led to more commercialization In order to pay silver tax, people had to sell something  led to economic specialization Ex: Selling just rice or just silk Impact on China’s environment: More land = used to grow cash crops Result = loss of about ½ of China’s forests Chinese women making silk

Silver: Impact on Spain Positives Negatives Brought wealth and power to Spain Rulers could now pursue military and political ambitions in Spain and the Americas Supported the Spanish Empire Over time  too much silver flowed into Spain  caused inflation = value of silver went down and prices went up When the value of silver dropped worldwide (early 1600s), Spain began to weaken and lose power

Russian Empire vs. those of other Western European Countries Other Europeans Acquired territories next to them that they had been in contact with for a long time Acquired territories at the same time that a Russian state was taking shape Acquired territories far away from them that they didn’t know about until 1492 Acquired overseas empires AFTER establishing themselves as solid European states

Ming China Rebuilt strong central government Reinstated civil service examinations Increase in food and trade production Focus = repairing the damage caused by Mongol rule Goals of Chinese exploration: Enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system Bring back exotic goods from foreign lands (ex: zebras, giraffes, etc.) Establish Chinese power and prestige in the Indian Ocean Exert Chinese control over foreign trade

DBQ What caused the Protestant Reformation? What is the question you are asking for context?

LEQ Evaluate the extent to which the Crusades represented a turning point in Europe during the Middle Ages (historical skill: Causation - Cause and Effect) Two examples – one needs to be a cause and one needs to be an effect Causes: Effects: