Structure and Function of Living Organisms Plant Systems

Leaves Flowers Stem Fruit/Seeds Roots

Functions of Roots 1. Anchor the plant 2. Absorption of water and minerals 3. Storage of food

Types of Roots -- Fibrous

Types of Roots -- Tap

Absorption of water and minerals When the concentration of water is greater outside of the root cells than inside, water moves inside (OSMOSIS)

Xylem Tubes that carry water and minerals from the roots to where photosynthesis will occur Xylem Up!!

Phloem Tubes that carry sugar (from the leaves) to areas in the plant where it will be used or stored. Phloem Down!!

Functions of Stems 1. Transportation of sugar to where it will be used or stored 2. Transportation of water from the roots to where photosynthesis will take place. 3. Support the plant 4. Storage of food 5. Display of leaves and flowers 6. Some Photosynthesis

Transportation 1. Xylem -- tubes that carry water and minerals from the roots to where photosynthesis will occur 2. Phloem -- tubes that carry sugar to areas in the plant where it will be used or stored.

Functions of Leaves 1. Capture light energy for photosynthesis 2. Exchange gases between plants and air 3. Control the loss of water 4. Storage of food (used as feed for animals and humans)

Capturing light for photosynthesis Photosynthesis Water + Carbon dioxide ------> Sugar and Oxygen

Parts of the leaf Palisade layer -- full of cells containing Chloroplasts Chloroplasts -- where light dependent reaction takes place

Parts of the leaf The Vascular bundle Xylem -- Brings water and minerals to the chloroplast Phloem -- takes sugar and water away from the chloroplast

Parts of the leaf Exchange of gasses Stomata -- openings on the underside of a leaf Guard cells -- control the opening and closing of the stomata Spongy layer -- spaces where gas can move about

Parts of the leaf Controlling the loss of water Cuticle -- a waxy layer on the top layer Guard cells and stomata Transpiration

Plant Classification Non Flowering Flowering Ferns Cone-Producers (Conifers) Flowering Monocots Dicots

FLOWERS

Flower Function The primary function of a flower is to produce the seeds needed to continue the species. What kind of reproduction is this??? SEXUAL OR ASEXUAL??

Flower Parts

Male Parts of the Flower Stamen which has two parts--filament and anther. Filament: supports the anther. Anther: produces pollen grains. Pollen: Male sexual reproductive cell.

Female Parts of the Flower Pistil: term used to describe the combination of all the female parts. Stigma: receives the pollen grains. Pollen travels down the style and into the ovary. Style: supports the stigma. Ovary: surrounds the ovule, later becomes a fruit. Ovule: Female reproductive cell. When the ovule is fertilized with pollen, they produce seed.

Complete and Incomplete Flowers Complete flowers have both male and female parts. Incomplete flowers have either male or female parts but not both.

Other Flower Parts Receptacle: the enlarged part of the flower stalk to which all the floral parts of the flower attach. Sepals: the green leaflike parts of the flower that protect the flower bud. Calyx: the entire whorl of sepals. Petals: the colored part of the flower used to attract insects. Corolla: the entire whorl of petals.

Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is when the pollen and ovules come together and develop a seed. Cross Pollination - When one flower fertilized using the pollen from another flower. Self Pollination - When a flower is fertilized with it’s own pollen.

The Science of Classifying Organisms Taxonomy

Taxonomy grouping things according to their characteristics. The science of classifying Taxonomist – a scientist that classifies organisms

WHY CLASSIFY??? Scientists estimate that there are 5 -10 million kinds of different plants, animals and microorganisms on earth. They are usually known by their common names Grey wolf – Morning Glory Common names can be confusing and their names may vary by region.

History of Taxonomy Aristotle – Classified organisms according to where they lived (land, air, water, etc.) Carolus Linnaeus -- Developed the current system used for grouping organisms.

Linneaus System Placed organisms into smaller and smaller groups based on similarities. STRUCTURAL -- most important BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC BEHAVIORAL

CAROLUS LINNAEUS Gave an organism a two-word latin name. (binomial nomenclature) Example COMMON name cougar, puma, mountain lion SCIENTIFIC name Felis concolor

Groups KINGDOM (largest) PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES (smallest)

Groups All organisms are classified into all 7 groups. The more groups two organisms have in common, the more closely related those two organisms are.

Example Human Cougar Tiger Pintail Duck Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Aves Order Primate Carnivora Anseriformes Family Homindae Felidae Anatidae Genus Homo Felis Panthera Anas Species sapiens concolor tigris acuta

Scientific Names All organisms have a scientific name It is their GENUS group then SPECIES Genus is capitalized Species is not capitalized Species means "KIND” A group of closely related (similar) organisms that interbreed and have fertile offspring

Examples of Scientific Names Cattle: Bos taurus, Bos indicus

Dichotomous Keys A dichotomous key is a written set of choices that leads to the name of an organism. Scientists use these to identify unknown organisms.

Dichotomous Key for Unknown Animals 1. A. Animal is mainly water-dwelling Go to statement 2 B. Animal is mainly land-dwelling Go to statement 3 2. A. Animal has a shell Great-Logger Turtle B. Animal has no shell Manatee 3. A. Main color of the animal is gray Go to statement 4 B. Main color of the animal is not gray Go to statement 6 4. A. Animal has a long, trunk-like nose Elephant B. Animal has a short nose Go to statement 5 5. A. Animal has long ears Rabbit B. Animal has short ears Koala Bear 6. A. The main color is black Go to statement 7 B. The main color is white Polar Bear 7. A. Animal has a pointed face Black Bear B. Animal has a flat face Chimpanzee

Dichotomous Key for Unknown Animals 1. A. Animal is mainly water-dwelling Go to statement 2 B. Animal is mainly land-dwelling Go to statement 3 2. A. Animal has a shell Great-Logger Turtle B. Animal has no shell Manatee 3. A. Main color of the animal is gray Go to statement 4 B. Main color of the animal is not gray Go to statement 6 4. A. Animal has a long, trunk-like nose Elephant B. Animal has a short nose Go to statement 5 5. A. Animal has long ears Rabbit B. Animal has short ears Koala Bear 6. A. The main color is black Go to statement 7 B. The main color is white Polar Bear 7. A. Animal has a pointed face Black Bear B. Animal has a flat face Chimpanzee

Classification: Using a Dichotomous Key Giraffe Hummingbird Bat Frog Classification: Using a Dichotomous Key Beaver Grizzly Bear Moose Bison Mallard Duck Robin Sheep kangaroo Owl Rabbit Polar Bear Seal Raccoon Lynx Koala Bear Snake Zebra