The Age of Jackson AP US History Mrs. Lacks

Essential Question: Champion of the common man OR King Andrew?

What were the democratic trends of the early 19th century?

Increased Democratization White male suffrage increased Party nominating committees. Electoral votes determined by popular vote Rise of Third Parties. Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) Democrats (1828)

Campaigning “on the stump”

Voting Requirements

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

Jackson’s Early Life

Andrew Jackson B. March 15, 1767 Parents: Scot-Irish immigrants Grew up in western N or S Carolina Joined Tennessee militia at age of 13 Planter, wealthy slave owner Lawyer US MC, TN Colonel then Major General, War of 1812 (Old Hickory) US Senator, TN Military Governor of Florida 7th POTUS

1st known painting of AJ, 1815

During the First Seminole War

1st Presidential Run

William H. Crawford [GA] Election of 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA]

Election of 1824: A Corrupt Bargain?

The John Quincy Adams Administration 1825 - 1829

Opposition to JQA Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds. Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary. A national university. An astronomical observatory. A naval academy. Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

What were the key issues of the Election of 1828? JQA vs. Jackson

Tariff of Abominations Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp]. Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY. The South alone was adamantly against it. As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff. They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abominations”

John Quincy Adams: His land policies gave westerners another reason to dislike him. He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward! He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers. 1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. Congress sided with the governor of GA.

Election of 1828 Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of: Northern farmers and artisans. Southern slave owners. Farmers with small land holdings. He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party: Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units. Mass meetings, parades, picnics. A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

Rachel Adams Final Divorce Decree

Election of 1828

The New Jackson Coalition The Planter Elite in the South People on the Frontier Artisans [competition from factory labor]. State Politicians  spoils system To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY] Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

Jackson’s Faith in the Common Man Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements. Put his friends in office, despite their lack of knowledge of their post

President Jackson

The Peggy Eaton Affair

The Nullification Crisis South Carolina

New Tariff Conflict 1832 --> new tariff South Carolina’s reaction? Jackson’s response? Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth (1834)

Jackson’s Native American Policy

Jackson’s NA Policy Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” Worcester v. GA (1832) Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

The Cherokee Nation

Indian Removal

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

Assassination Attempts First POTUS that anyone attempted to kill First attempt: Robert Randolph, Naval officer – hit AJ over the head with a rock Second attempt: Richard Lawrence, unemployed housepainter, shot at AJ while leaving the Capitol; gun misfired (twice); AJ beat him with a cane

Assassination Attempts

Renewing the Charter of the 2nd National Bank

Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

The National Bank Debate President Jackson Nicholas Biddle [an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]

The “Monster” Is Destroyed! “Pet Banks” 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States. 1836  the charter expired. 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

The Bank & the 1832 Election Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election! Biddle & his associates preferred Clay. Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter. The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it! Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren. BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!

An 1832 Cartoon: “King Andrew”?

Positions on the Key Issues of 1832 WHIGS DEMOCRATS Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Opposes Indian removal. Favored tariffs. Supported a National Bank. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. For Indian removal. Oppose tariffs. States’ rights. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Opposed the National Bank.

Election of 1832

Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

Andrew Jackson in retirement On the last day of the presidency, Jackson admitted that he had but two regrets, that he "had been unable to shoot Henry Clay or to hang John C. Calhoun."

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845