APES REVIEW #4 Pollution

Toxicity Based on Dosage LD50 LC50 Threshold Dose Acute Chronic

Air Pollution Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Soot Photochemical Smog Industrial Smog NOx SOx Acid Precipitation Tropospheric Ozone VOC’s PAN’s

Air Pollution Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Soot Photochemical Smog Industrial Smog NOx SOx Acid Precipitation Tropospheric Ozone VOC’s PAN’s

The Dirty Half Dozen Criteria Pollutants - most harmful to human health and welfare

The Dirty Half Dozen Criteria Pollutants - most harmful to human health and welfare CO Pb O3 NO2 SO2 Particulates

Cause and Effect 1. CO 2. Pb 3. O3 4. NO2 5. SO2 6. Particulates Nervous System Probs. Suffocation Forms Smog Tissue Irritation Acid Precipitation Industrial Smog

Cause and Effect 1. CO 2. Pb 3. O3 4. NO2 5. SO2 6. Particulates 2. Nervous System Probs. 1. Suffocation 3, 4. Forms Smog 3, 5, 6. Tissue Irritation 4, 5. Acid Precipitation 6. Industrial Smog

Smog Industrial – LDC/Developing Country - gray smog Photochemical – - brown smog - O3 + NOx + VOCs add heat

The Deadly CFC Chloroflurocarbons Long lasting Good refrigerants and coolants Non-reactive in troposphere CFC + UV = Free Radicals

Ozone Depletion CH3Cl + hv  •CH3 + •Cl The main reaction with ozone CFCl3 + hv (<290 nm)  •CFCl2 + Cl• Cl• +O3  ClO • + O2 ClO • + O  Cl • + O2 Net Reaction = O3 + O  O2 + O2

Acid Precipitation NOx + H2O  HNO2 or HNO3 SOx + H2O  H2SO4 or H2SO3 Impact: - acid shock – pH of water systems - leach of minerals - S and N in soil - Calcium from conifers - Release of Al3+ from soil - human respiration - chemical erosion

Controlling Acid Precipitation CAA Lime in soil and water Buffers in soil (CaCO3)

Indoor Air Pollution VOCs CO Cigarette Smoke – emphysema - cancer - general nastiness - second hand smoke Radon Asbestos Mold

Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms - irritation of nose, eyes, throat, skin - nausea - headaches - neurological symptoms (concentration, memory, odor and taste perception)

Climate Change Global Warming…..blah, blah, blah

Thermal Pollution Heated water from electricity production into lakes, rivers and streams Decrease in O2 concentrations Thermal Shock

Heat Islands and Thermal Inversions

Water Pollution Fertilizer Pesticides Particulates Eutrophication Exotic Species Toxic Waste

Water Pollution Sources Poop Run-off Illegal Dumping Sediments Hot and Cold Water

Measure of Water Quality pH DO – dissolved oxygen Hardness (minearal content: Ca2+ and Mg2+) Turbidity: sediment

Treating Waste Water Primary Treatment: - Physical Treatment - screens - settling tank Secondary Treatment: - biological treatment – bacteria and protists remove biologically degradable material - generates methane  energy production? Tertiary Treatment: - chemical (chlorine) or UV processing Final Water  rivers or allowed to trickle into aquifers SLUDGE – the leftovers  landfill or processed to fertilizer (may have heavy metals)

Solid Waste Garbage: - recycle PAYT program – pay as you throw - incentive Landfills - issues: leachate, space - NIMBY (not in my backyard) – send it to New Jersey

LANDFILLS

Hazardous Waste Toxic Chemicals Ignitables Reactive Radioactive Resource Conservation and Recovery Act “cradle to grave” Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act – Superfund – money comes from taxes on chemical and petroleum industries

Noise Pollution