Old English Pétur Knútsson 2005 Baker chap. 7: Verbs.

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Old English Pétur Knútsson 2005 Baker chap. 7: Verbs

Verbs: weak and strong Strong: sing sang sung ride rode ridden choose chose chosen see saw seen Weak: bake baked row rowed want wanted

Verbs: weak and strong Strong or vocalic: the original IE system, now in the minority, usually known as “irregular verbs” Weak or consonantal: a Germanic innovation with dental endings (-t –d –ð), has become the dominant paradigm and thus known as “regular verbs” Also: minor conjugations, real “irregular” (athematic) verbs, preterite-present verbs.

Verbs: strong 7 classes. In both Icelandic and Old English, we can generate all the forms of the strong verb from four “principle parts” (kennimyndir):

Principle parts of strong verbs ríða reið riðum riðið rídan rád ridon geriden bjóða bauð buðum boðið béodan béad budon geboden drekka drakk drukkum drukkið drincan dranc druncon gedruncen fara fór fórum farið faran fór fóron gefaren

bjóða bauð buðum boðit bjóða ek býð þú býðr hann býðr vér bjóðum infinitive bjóða ek býð þú býðr hann býðr present indicative singular i-mutation vér bjóðum þér bjóðit þeir bjóða present indicative plural að ek bjóða að vér bjóðim present subjunctive present participle bjóðandi

béodan béad budon geboden infinitive béodan ic béode þú býtst hé býtt present indicative singular i-mutation wé béodað gé béodað hí béodað present indicative plural þæt ic béode þæt wé béoden present subjunctive present participle béodende

bjóða bauð buðum boðit bjóða ek býð þú býðr hann bíðr vér bjóðum infinitive bjóða ek býð þú býðr hann bíðr present indicative singular i-mutation vér bjóðum þér bjóðit þeir bjóða present indicative plural at ek bjóða at við bjóðim present subjunctive present participle bjóðandi

béodan béad budon geboden infinitive béodan ic béode þú býtst hé býtt present indicative singular i-mutation wé béodað ge béodað hí béodað present indicative plural þæt ic béode þæt wé béoden present subjunctive present participle béodende

bjóða bauð buðum boðit ek bauð þú bauðst hann bauð vér buðum þér buðit past indicative singular vér buðum þér buðit þeir buðu past indicative plural at ek byði at vér byðim past subjunctive i-mutation past participle boðit

béodan béad budon bodin ic béad þú bude hé béad past indicative singular wé budon gé budon hí budon past indicative plural þæt ic bude þæt wé buden past subjunctive past participle geboden

bjóða bauð buðum boðit ek bauð þú bauðst hann bauð vér buðum þér buðit past indicative singular vér buðum þér buðit þeir buðu past indicative plural at ek byði at vér byðim past subjunctive i-mutation past participle boðit

béodan béad budon bodin ic béad þú bude hé béad past indicative singular wé budon gé budon hí budon past indicative plural þæt ic bude þæt wé buden past subjunctive past participle geboden

Verbs: weak 2 classes stem almost always i-mutated a short vowel + double consonant or –ri- fremman, nerian b long vowel, or short vowel + consonant cluster other than doubling déman cýðan cyssan sendan stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian) lufian, endian macian

Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian) 1a 1b 2 fremman nerian déman cyssan lufian macian ic fremme nerie déme cysse lufie macie hé fremeð nerieð démþ cysseð lufað macað wé fremmað neriað démað cyssað lufiað maciað p: fremede nerede démde cysste lufode macode

Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian) 1a 1b 2 fremman nerian déman cyssan lufian macian ic fremme nerie déme cysse lufie macie hé fremeð nerieð démð cysseð lufað macað wé fremmað neriað démað cyssað lufiað maciað p: fremede nerede démde cysste lufode macode

Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian) 1a 1b 2 fremman nerian déman cyssan lufian macian ic fremme nerie déme cysse lufie macie hé fremeð nerieð démð cysseð lufað macað wé fremmað neriað démað cyssað lufiað maciað p: fremede nerede démde cysste lufode macode

Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian) 1a 1b 2 fremman nerian déman cyssan lufian macian ic fremme nerie déme cysse lufie macie hé fremeð nerieð démð cysseð lufað macað wé fremmað neriað démað cyssað lufiað maciað p: fremede nerede démde cysste lufode macode

Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian) 1a 1b 2 fremman nerian déman cyssan lufian macian ic fremme nerie déme cysse lufie macie hé fremeð nerieð démð cysseð lufað macað wé fremmað neriað démað cyssað lufiað maciað p: fremede fremedon neredenneredon démde démdon cysste cysston lufode lufodon macode macodon

1 The s-root: *es- ‘to be, remain’ ic eom <*esmi þú eart <*esi hé is <*esti wé, gé, híe sint / sindon < (*smes *ste) *senti 2 The b-root: *bheue- ‘exist, grow, come into being’ ic béo béon ‘to be’ þú bist hé bið wé, gé, híe béoð 3 The w-root: *wes- ‘abide, remain, dwell’ ic wæs wesan ‘to be’ þú wast hé wæs wé, gé, híe wǽron

Shakespeare I am be thou art be he is be, beeth we are be, beeth ye are be, beeth they are be, beeth