History of Architecture Presented by: Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky 9/18/2018

History of Architecture Week 1 9/18/2018

What is History of Architecture? The history of shelters men have built for themselves and for their gods. It is the history of way of life: Architecture is part of our personal history –we are born, work and play, learn and teach and worship, we sell and buy, etc in buildings. It is the history of the rise ,development and decadence of building techniques It is an expression of what men thought of life and death of each other and of their gods. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Why do we study History of Architecture? To learn from others By studying particular solutions, architects gain better understanding of how their own problems differ or might be solved By understanding the complexity of past architectural problems today's architects will be less inclined to simplistic solutions that leave out important human and architectural factors it opens up the enjoyment of contemporary buildings with an appreciation of their purpose, meaning, and charm (attractiveness) 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Introduction Factors that affect the Architecture Constant factors (natural) geographic factors, geological factors, climate Variable factors (related to humans) religion, social & political factors, history and culture 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Stone Age (6500-5700BC) Pre-historic Architecture Egyptian (2700BC) العمارة المصرية Neolithic (2000 BC) العصر الحجرى الحديث   9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Egyptian (2700BC) العمارة المصرية Greek (1200BC) العمارة اليونانية Roman (753BC- 480AD) العمارة الرومانية Byzantine(500-1500AD) العمارة البيزنطية Romanesque العمارة الرومانسية Gothic Style(1140-1400 AD) العمارة القوطية Renaissance(1400-1600AD) عصر النهضة Baroque(1600-1700AD العصر الباروكى 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Stone Age (6500-5700BC) Neolithic culture in Catal Huyuk, Turkey had some of the first homes with interior decoration. Decorations included wall paintings, plaster reliefs, animal heads, benches and pillars. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Egyptian Architecture Egyptian (2700BC) Egyptian Architecture A.General characteristics B.Building Types C.Historical periods D.Examples 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

General Characteristics Nile Valley – most influential civilization 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

General Characteristics The key to Egypt’s history is the Nile. The longest river in the world (6,648 km) formed by Blue Nile from Ethiopia and White Nile from Lake Victoria. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

General Characteristics It left a precious gift –the black soil carried down from Ethiopia The Egyptian call their country kemet= black land What laid beyond to the east and west was the desert –the red land which put clearly defined limit. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

General Characteristics The Nile - rich life blood which runs in the veins of Egypt flowing South to North –from the Upper Egypt to the lower. on its banks they founded their cities for the living and the dead trade was actively carried on 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

General Characteristics The other major determinant was the sun Together the basic elements of nature establish a single spatial structure, with the Nile flowing from South to North and the sun rising in the east and setting in the west perpendicular to the river. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

General Characteristics The two axes of river and sun form the basis of the orthogonal grid of Egyptian fields and cities Its climate is dry and varied little (stable) –contributed for the preservation of buildings. They want to embody a constant eternal order 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Religion In Egyptian religion –most of the many gods represented forces of nature Example: Ra –the sun God Shu–air Tefnut–moisture Nut –Sky Geb–earth Orisis–of fertility and resurrection Seth –aridity and destruction Isis –Motherhood Nepthys-Sisterhood 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Boundary Egypt was protected by mountains and cataracts (small waterfalls) to the South By the desert to the east and west By the Mediterranean to the North No standing army until late in their history 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Building Materials Mud brick and stone limestone, sandstone granite Stone – tombs and temples Bricks – sun dried and fire burnt bricks for palaces and fortresses Mud houses Poor in metals Character – walls and roofs Massive structures with thick sloping walls and few openings Use of arch was developed at the IV dynasty All monuments are post and lintel construction With flat roofs supported by walls and columns 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Architectural character Architectural character - columns Distinctive character for Egyptian columns Vegetable origin Shafts – bundles of stems gathered in at the base Capitals – lotus bud, papyrus flower 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Monumental architectural character Columnar and trabeated style Pyramids, tombs and temples Temples - Complex of buildings Temples approached by impressive avenues of sphinxes Sphinx - Head of a man and body of a lion Massive pylons, great courts, hypostyle halls, inner sanctuaries, etc 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Historical periods The kings of ancient Egypt are known as Pharaohs (great house –Hebrew) The pharaohs were divided into 30 dynasties by Manetho, an Egyptian priest, BC 300) 1. Ancient kingdom (Dyn. I-XI) –3500 –2466 BC Capital –Memphis Pharaohs Trade control Labour control Mastabas The great pyramids Absolute power 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Historical periods 2. Middle kingdom (XII –XVII) BC 2466-1600 Social order out of anarchy Set boundaries for provinces 3. New empire (XVIII –XXX) BC 1600 –322 Unprecedented prosperity Capital –Thebes Great temples and tombs The Persians (521 –486) -Darius 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Historical periods 4. The Ptolemaic period Egypt became a Greek province –Alexander the Great Capital was Alexandria Ptolemy –Macedonian Family after the death of Alexander. His sister is Cleopatra Cleopatra (right) (c. 69-30 bc), the last member of the Ptolemaic dynasty to rule Egypt (51-30 bc) 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Historical periods 5. The Roman period (BC 30 –AD 395) On the death of Cleopatra Egypt became a Roman Province Caesar was the emperor Christianity –AD 324 by Constantine 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Examples 1. Saqqara The stepped pyramid of Zoser Mastabas 2. Giza Royal pyramids the pyramid of Cheops the pyramid of Chephren The pyramid of Mycerinus The Sphinx 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Saqqara - The stepped pyramid of Zoser 3rd dynasty (2750 BC) –Zoser Imhotep–the first recorded architect Substituted limestone for mud brick Zoser’s temple and pyramid complex –was enclosed in a wall 10.4m 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Saqqara - The stepped pyramid of Zoser The step pyramid of King Zoser, built of local limestone was the first monumental royal tomb and is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Saqqara - Mastabas Rectangular tombs with slightly sloping walls Mastaba = bench in Arab 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Development of Pyramids 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Development of Pyramids The Bent Pyramid, constructed in Egypt during the reign of King Sneferu (2575 bc-2551 bc), was constructed in two stages. In the first stage, the architects built the walls at an angle of 55 degrees. Then they encountered structural problems and flattened the angle to 43 degrees. The pyramid’s unusual shape gave it its name 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Giza – Royal Pyramids 3 Royal pyramids the pyramid of Cheops(Khufu) the pyramid of Chephren(Khafre) The pyramid of Mycerinus(Menkaure) Foremost among the Seven Wonders of the World 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Pyramids of Giza 2680-2560 b.c 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Pyramids of Giza The Royal Pyramids 4th Dynasty (2680 –2560 BC) Carefully aligned on the NS and EW axes Cheops–230mx230 m, 146 m high and 52 degrees angle Chephren–215mx215m (210), 136m high and 53 degrees angle Mycerinus–108m x 108m, 66m high and 50 degrees angle 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Pyramids of Giza 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) Cheops – 2nd king of the IV dynasty Largest of the three 756 ft square on plan 480 ft. high Area of 13 acres Four sides face the cardinal points 51°52″ with the ground The mortuary temple stood axially in front of the pyramid (consecration, veneration and gifts) The Valley temple for purification and mummification 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) 3 separate internal chambers King’s Chamber (granite sarcophagus is located) Queen’s chamber Subterranean chamber Entrance – 24 ft off-centre and 55 ft above Queen's chamber at a height of 70 ft Sealed off before completion Constructed the Grand Gallery – passage 7’ wide and 7’6” high – covered by a ramped, corbelled vault 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) King’s Chamber 17ft wide and 19ft high Lined in granite Vestibule has 3 granite slabs to seal the chamber after the burial Elaborate chamber covering 5 tiers of great stone beams ranged one above the other with a void space between the layers 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) Above them is an embryonic vault of pairs of inclined stones Two shafts (8”x6”) lead from the King’s chamber to the outer face of the pyramid for ventilation or to allow the free passage of the spirit of the dead king Built solidly of local stone Cased in finely dressed Tura limestone 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Sphinx A gigantic human headed lion, entirely carved out of rock 21m high and 73m long In the likeness of king Chephren 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Sphinx built on the orders of the pharaoh Khafre 3rd millennium bc. In ancient Egypt, the sphinx was the symbol of royal power 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

History of Architecture Week 2 9/18/2018

The Temples Of two main classes Cult temple (worship of ancient and mysterious gods) and mortuary (funerary) temple (ministration to deified Pharaohs) 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Funerary temple tombs, Beni Hasan 2130-1750 b.c. Belong to a provincial great family Wholly rock hewn Consists of a chamber behind a porticoed façade 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Cult temples Rectangular palisaded court Columned vestibule or hypostyle hall Sanctuary and other rooms for the priesthood Main entrance gateway – towering pylons Processions common The whole temple stood within a great enclosure and about it were houses of the priests, official buildings, stores, granaries and a sacred lake 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak 1530-323 b.c. Grandest of all Egyptian temples Built by many kings Site -1200x360 ft. Immense enclosure With other temples and a sacred lake 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak Avenue of sphinxes to the Temple of Luxor 6 pairs of pylons Consists of various courts and halls leading to the sanctuary A great entrance court gives entrance to the vast hypostyle hall 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak Avenue of sphinxes to the Temple of Luxor 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak Consists of various courts and halls leading to the sanctuary A great entrance court gives entrance to the vast hypostyle hall Hypostyle hall 338x170 ft. internally Roof – enormous slabs of stone Supported by 134 columns in 16 rows 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak Hypostyle Hall Central avenues are about 78 ft (24m) in height supported by columns with papyrus flower capital ( bell type) Side avenues are lower with columns of papyrus bud capital (bud type) Clerestory lighting for the first time Forest of columns is awe-inspiring 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak Hypostyle hall columns 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak Hypostyle Hall 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Assignment 2 Pyramids of Egypt The Temple of Amon, Karnak Site plan showing the Pyramid of Cheops, Chephren and Mycerinus Section of the pyramid of Cheops Section of the King’s chamber The Temple of Amon, Karnak Site plan of the Temple Plan of the Temple of Amon Section of the hypostyle hall 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Neolithic (2000BC) Stonehenge, an astronomical observatory of the day, helped to mature the geometrical sense of humans. This period added a feeling of order, symmetry, and rhythm important today in modern design. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Greek (1200BC) Used 3 architectural styles:- Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. This design was typified by flat roofs resting on high columns. The Greeks also contributed stone reliefs and sculptures to modern day design. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

The Parthenon is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered one of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy, and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Greek Orders 9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

9/18/2018 Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky