Transformation of Europe

Protestant Reformation

Luther to Archbishop of Mainz “Papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter's are circulating under your most distinguished name, and as regards them, I do not bring accusation…so much as I grieve over the wholly false impressions which the people have conceived from them.”

The Spread of the Printing Press

Who is Martin Luther? German Monk Wrote 95 Theses Desired to reform the corrupt practice of the Church Printing Press help spread ideas quickly Popular Figure Among Peasants Princes Merchants

Teachings Martin Luther Salvation by faith only Believers interpret Bible Bible in vernacular Catholic Church Salvation by faith + GOOD WORKS (charity) Priest and clergy need to interpret the bible Bible should be printed in Latin

The Spread of Lutheranism

Calvin’s World in the 16c

John Calvin Created his own Protestant religion in Geneva, Switzerland Salvation through Predestination Purified approach to life

Reformation Continues Anglicanism: England Henry VIII- head of church Presbyterian John Knox-Scotland

Church Response Counter Reformation Goals: Counter growth of Protestants Restore faith of members Eliminate abuses Inquisition – Witch Hunts Jesuits – St. Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent Reaffirmed Power of Pope Need faith and good works = salvation Sale of Indulgences Banned

Impact on Western Europe Destroyed religious unity Developed new religions Raised religious tensions Church Power (decrease) vs. Monarch Power (increase) Rise of Nation-States (countries) Increase in Education

Rise of the Nation-State

Consolidation of Sovereign States Europe = Region of Independent States No Central Administration No Dominant State Powerful Monarchs Emerge Build Finances Increase Political Power Role of Protestant Reformation Standing Armies

Constitutional States England Civil War (1642-1649)  Glorious Revolution  English Bill of Rights Constitutional Monarchy Netherlands Independence from Spanish Republic

Absolute Monarchies (DIVINE RIGHT) France Louis XIV – “The Sun King” (r. 1643 – 1715) L’etat C’est Moi Versailles LAWS, STANDING ARMY, EXPANSION Economic Development Abolished Internal Tariffs Encouraged Exports Built Roads/Canal

Russia Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) Tsarist Rule Peter the Great The Great WESTERNIZER Grand Embassy Reformed Army, Administration, CULTURE St. Petersburg Catherine the Great Administrative Provinces Economic Development + Protected right of commoners Rebellion

European States System State Building  Conflict 30 Years War  Peace of Westphalia (1648) Regarded each other as Sovereign and Equal Balance of Power Diplomacy Security Dilemma

The Commercial Revolution

Commercial Revolution Columbian Exchange New Goods  Population Growth + Urbanization Cities-Marketplaces/Political Centers Madrid, London, Paris Capitalism Private parties operate in a FREE MARKET Guided by the laws of supply and demand

Banking – Savings/Loans Insurance Cos Joint Stock Cos Government support for Capitalism Increased role of MERCHANTS Mediation of conflicts and issues Capitalism  Imperialism

Manufacturing Guilds – Contrary to Capitalist Ideology Putting Out System “Protoindustrialization”

Social Implications of Commercial Revolution Putting Out System - Incomes – Financial Independence Lack of cities – Undermines Peasantry Russian Serfdom Dominance of W. Europe over E. Europe Morality of Profit Making? Adam Smith  SELF INTEREST

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Scientific Method

Who’s Who? Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Rene Descartes Heliocentric Theory: Sun-Centered Universe Galileo Galilei Perfected the Telescope Rene Descartes “I Think, Therefore I am” Isaac Newton Laws of Gravity

The Church Church opposed Scientific Revolution Scientists viewed as heretics