ADVANCING VOCABULARY SKILLS Fourth Edition Sherrie L. Nist (Edited by Ms. B. Wulchak, 3-2013) © 2010 Townsend Press

Unit Two: Chapter 11 • clandestine • indigenous • contingency • liability • egocentric • prolific • exonerate • reinstate • incongruous • superfluous Page 58 in textbook.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 clandestine – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 clandestine – adjective • In a clandestine meeting in an alley, Steve sold his employer’s valuable anti-aging formula to a competitor. • The famous “Underground Railroad” was not an actual railroad; it was a clandestine network that took escaped slaves to safety in the years before the Civil War. Clandestine means A. popular. B. unnecessary. C. secret. Page 58 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 clandestine – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 clandestine – adjective • In a clandestine meeting in an alley, Steve sold his employer’s valuable anti-aging formula to a competitor. • The famous “Underground Railroad” was not an actual railroad; it was a clandestine network that took escaped slaves to safety in the years before the Civil War. Clandestine means A. popular. B. unnecessary. C. secret. Page 58 in textbook. Steve would sell the formula to a competitor in a secret meeting in an alley. In the years before the Civil War, escaped slaves were taken to safety by means of a secret network.

1 clandestine Syn.- covert, concealed, furtive, surreptitious Ant.- open, overt, public

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 contingency – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 contingency – noun • Faye thought her company might transfer her to another city. With that contingency in mind, she decided to rent a house rather than buy one. • We believe in providing for every contingency. We have a list of emergency phone numbers, a first-aid kit, and a box of candles in case of a power failure. Contingency means A. a possibility. B. an advantage. C. a desire. Page 58 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 contingency – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 contingency – noun • Faye thought her company might transfer her to another city. With that contingency in mind, she decided to rent a house rather than buy one. • We believe in providing for every contingency. We have a list of emergency phone numbers, a first-aid kit, and a box of candles in case of a power failure. Contingency means A. a possibility. B. an advantage. C. a desire. Page 58 in textbook. If Faye decided to rent rather than buy a house, she must think there is a possibility her company will transfer her. In the second item, emergency phone numbers, a first aid kit, and a box of candles suggest they are prepared for every possibility of emergency.

2 contingency Syn.- likelihood, prospect Ant.- an unlikely event

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 egocentric – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 egocentric – adjective • Denise is completely egocentric. Whatever event takes place, she thinks only of how it will affect her personally. • “We’ve talked enough about me,” said the egocentric author to a friend. “Now let’s talk about you. What do you think of my new book?” Egocentric means A. selfish. B. considerate. C. self-educated. Page 58 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 egocentric – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 egocentric – adjective • Denise is completely egocentric. Whatever event takes place, she thinks only of how it will affect her personally. • “We’ve talked enough about me,” said the egocentric author to a friend. “Now let’s talk about you. What do you think of my new book?” Egocentric means A. selfish. B. considerate. C. self-educated. Page 58 in textbook. If Denise thinks only how every event will affect her personally, she is completely selfish. Since the author’s idea of talking about his friend is finding out what the friend thinks of his new book, the author is selfish.

3 egocentric Syn.- conceited, vain, inconsiderate, self-serving Ant.- altruistic, self-sacrificing, philanthropic

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 exonerate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 4 exonerate – verb • Saul was suspected of shoplifting, but he was exonerated when the hidden camera’s photos clearly showed another man taking handfuls of DVDs from a rack and stuffing them into his backpack. • Politicians accused of illegal activities always seem to say the same thing: that they’ll be exonerated when all the facts are known. Exonerate means A. to be harmed. B. to be found guilty. C. to be found not guilty. Page 58 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 exonerate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 4 exonerate – verb • Saul was suspected of shoplifting, but he was exonerated when the hidden camera’s photos clearly showed another man taking handfuls of DVDs from a rack and stuffing them into his backpack. • Politicians accused of illegal activities always seem to say the same thing: that they’ll be exonerated when all the facts are known. Exonerate means A. to be harmed. B. to be found guilty. C. to be found not guilty. Page 58 in textbook. Since the photos show someone else stealing the DVDs, Saul was found not guilty. Politicians accused of illegal activities always say they will be found not guilty.

4 exonerate Syn.- acquit, clear from blame, vindicate Ant.- accuse, indict, convict

An incongruous pair of soldiers TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 5 incongruous – adjective • The cuckoo lays eggs in other birds’ nests. This practice can result in the incongruous sight of one large cuckoo chick among several tiny baby robins. • It wasn’t really incongruous for a former general to join the peace movement. He had seen the horrors of war. Incongruous means A. contradictory. B. unnecessary. C. not noticeable. Page 58 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer. An incongruous pair of soldiers Photo: Phil Williams

An incongruous pair of soldiers TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 5 incongruous – adjective • The cuckoo lays eggs in other birds’ nests. This practice can result in the incongruous sight of one large cuckoo chick among several tiny baby robins. • It wasn’t really incongruous for a former general to join the peace movement. He had seen the horrors of war. Incongruous means A. contradictory. B. unnecessary. C. not noticeable. Page 58 in textbook. A large cuckoo chick among several tiny baby robins would be a contradictory sight. It would seem contradictory for a former general to join a peace movement—until one thinks about the horrors of war he must have witnessed. An incongruous pair of soldiers Photo: Phil Williams

5 incongruous Syn.- incompatible, unsuitable, amiss mismatched Ant.- appropriate, fitting, proper

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 indigenous – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 6 indigenous – adjective • Kangaroos are indigenous only to Australia. They have never been found living anywhere else in the world. • Corn was not indigenous to Europe, so Europeans had never seen or heard of it until their explorers first reached the New World and found it growing there. Indigenous means A. important. B. native. C. welcomed. Page 58 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 indigenous – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 6 indigenous – adjective • Kangaroos are indigenous only to Australia. They have never been found living anywhere else in the world. • Corn was not indigenous to Europe, so Europeans had never seen or heard of it until their explorers first reached the New World and found it growing there. Indigenous means A. important. B. native. C. welcomed. Page 58 in textbook. Since kangaroos have never been found living anywhere but in Australia, they must be native to Australia. Since Europeans had never seen or heard of corn until their explorers found it in the New World, corn must not have been native to Europe.

6 indigenous Syn.- original, native, home-grown Ant.- foreign, transplanted, alien

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 liability – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 7 liability – noun • My shyness with strangers would be a liability in any job that involved meeting the public, such as sales. • When Juanita returned to school at age 40, she was afraid her age would be a liability. Instead, she found that it gave her an advantage over younger students. Liability means A. an asset. B. a handicap. C. a necessity. Page 59 in textbook. Answer: B The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 liability – noun Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 7 liability – noun • My shyness with strangers would be a liability in any job that involved meeting the public, such as sales. • When Juanita returned to school at age 40, she was afraid her age would be a liability. Instead, she found that it gave her an advantage over younger students. Liability means A. an asset. B. a handicap. C. a necessity. Page 59 in textbook. Shyness with strangers would be a handicap in a job such as sales. In the second item, the word advantage suggests that liability means the opposite—“a handicap.”

7 liability Syn.-a burden, disadvantage, hindrance Ant.-an advantage, opportunity, a break

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 prolific – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 8 prolific – adjective • Rabbits deserve their reputation for being prolific. A female rabbit can produce three families each summer. • Haydn was a prolific composer. He wrote, among many other musical works, 104 symphonies. Prolific means A. creating abundantly. B. working secretly. C. important. Page 59 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 prolific – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 8 prolific – adjective • Rabbits deserve their reputation for being prolific. A female rabbit can produce three families each summer. • Haydn was a prolific composer. He wrote, among many other musical works, 104 symphonies. Prolific means A. creating abundantly. B. working secretly. C. important. Page 59 in textbook. Because female rabbits can produce three families each summer, rabbits have a reputation for creating abundantly. A composer who wrote 104 symphonies plus other works is someone who created abundantly.

8 prolific Syn.- fruitful, abundant, productive Ant.- barren, infertile, unproductive

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 reinstate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 9 reinstate – verb • Michiko left work for a year to stay home with her new baby. When she returned, she was relieved and happy to be reinstated in her former job. • The college had canceled the course in folklore, but the demand was so great that the class had to be reinstated. Reinstate means A. to recognize. B. to appreciate. C. to put back. Page 59 in textbook. Answer: C The next slide explains the answer.

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 reinstate – verb Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 9 reinstate – verb • Michiko left work for a year to stay home with her new baby. When she returned, she was relieved and happy to be reinstated in her former job. • The college had canceled the course in folklore, but the demand was so great that the class had to be reinstated. Reinstate means A. to recognize. B. to appreciate. C. to put back. Page 59 in textbook. Michiko would be relieved and happy to be put back in her former job when she returned to work. If the demand for the folklore course was great, the canceled course would have to be put back.

9 reinstate Syn.- restore, reestablish, return to former state or job Connecticut basketball coach reinstated after a forced resignation for his role in comedy film Syn.- restore, reestablish, return to former state or job Ant.- take away, leave empty (the job or position)

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 superfluous – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 10 superfluous – adjective • In the phrase “rich millionaire,” the word rich is superfluous. All millionaires are rich. • Lately, business at the store has been so slow that the three clerks have almost nothing to do. Two of them seem superfluous. Superfluous means A. unnecessary. B. ordinary. C. required. Page 59 in textbook. Answer: A The next slide explains the answer. “I had seventeen vice-presidents, but I realized they were superfluous. So I restructured the company and now it’s just me.”

TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 superfluous – adjective Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 10 superfluous – adjective • In the phrase “rich millionaire,” the word rich is superfluous. All millionaires are rich. • Lately, business at the store has been so slow that the three clerks have almost nothing to do. Two of them seem superfluous. Superfluous means A. unnecessary. B. ordinary. C. required. Page 59 in textbook. Since all millionaires are rich, it is unnecessary to say they are “rich millionaires.” Since the three clerks have almost nothing to do, two of them would seem unnecessary. “I had seventeen vice-presidents, but I realized they were superfluous. So I restructured the company and now it’s just me.”

10 superfluous Syn.- extraneous, nonessential, dispensable Ant.- insufficient, deficient, meager

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 1. Agnes is only five feet tall, but her boyfriend is six-foot-four. They make a(n) _______-looking couple. 2. Sharon and Eli have _______(e)d a Jewish family tradition they hadn’t observed for years: lighting candles on the Sabbath. Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 1. incongruous; 2. reinstate The next slide explains the answers.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 1. Agnes is only five feet tall, but her boyfriend is six-foot-four. They make an __________-looking couple. incongruous Agnes and her boyfriend are such different heights that they would look out of place together. 2. Sharon and Eli have __________ a Jewish family tradition they hadn’t observed for years: lighting candles on the Sabbath. reinstated Page 60 in textbook. Since Sharon and Eli hadn’t observed the tradition for years, they brought it back into use.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 3. Bad handwriting isn’t a serious __________ in an age of computers. 4. Gardens in the desert usually feature __________ plants, such as cactus. Native plants thrive in dry heat and need little watering. Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 3. liability; 4. indigenous; 5. contingency The next slide explains the answers. 5. Although our city has never been struck by an earthquake, it has emergency plans for just such a __________.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 3. Bad handwriting isn’t a serious __________ in an age of computers. liability Because it is so common to use a computer for written communication, bad handwriting isn’t a serious drawback. 4. Gardens in the desert usually feature __________ plants, such as cactus. Native plants thrive in dry heat and need little watering. indigenous Page 60 in textbook. Native plants and indigenous plants are the same thing. 5. Although our city has never been struck by an earthquake, it has emergency plans for just such a __________. contingency The city would have emergency plans for a possible future event such as an earthquake.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 6. Two students were blamed for starting the fire in the physics lab, but they were _______(e)d when it was found that the cause was faulty electrical equipment. 7. Flies are amazingly ________. Within a five-month breeding period, one female can produce thousands of offspring. Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 6. exonerate; 7. prolific The next slide explains the answers.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 6. Two students were blamed for starting the fire in the physics lab, but they were ___________ when it was found that the cause was faulty electrical equipment. exonerated If faulty equipment caused the fire, the two would be cleared of blame. 7. Flies are amazingly ________. Within a five-month breeding period, one female can produce thousands of offspring. prolific Page 60 in textbook. “Producing many offspring” is one of the definitions of prolific.

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 8. Because a submarine is able to hide under water, it can be very useful in __________ operations. 9. “Your writing is too wordy,” the teacher had written on my paper. “Eliminate all those __________ words and phrases.” Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 8. clandestine; 9. superfluous; 10. egocentric The next slide explains the answers. 10. Nancy is so __________ that when I told her my car had been stolen, her only reaction was, “Does this mean you can’t drive me to work tomorrow?”

SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 8. Because a submarine is able to hide under water, it can be very useful in __________ operations. clandestine Being able to hide under water makes a sub useful for secret operations. 9. “Your writing is too wordy,” the teacher had written on my paper. “Eliminate all those __________ words and phrases.” superfluous Page 60 in textbook. If the writing is too wordy, it must have extra words in it. 10. Nancy is so __________ that when I told her my car had been stolen, her only reaction was, “Does this mean you can’t drive me to work tomorrow?” egocentric Nancy’s reaction shows that she is self-centered.

SENTENCE CHECK 2 A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 1.-2. The ___ author has just come out with her fiftieth novel. Although she publishes numerous books, her writing style remains tight, with no ___ words. A. clandestine-indigenous B. indigenous-superfluous C. prolific-indigenous D. clandestine-incongruous E. prolific-superfluous Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 8. clandestine; 9. superfluous; 10. egocentric The next slide explains the answers.

SENTENCE CHECK 2 A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 3-4. When a million dollars mysteriously vanished, the company decided to fire its accountant. But he was __(e)d and __(e)d in his position when the cause was discovered to be a computer malfunction. A. Clandestine - prolific B. Exonerate - clandestine C. Incongruous - clandestine D. Exonerate - reinstate E. Clandestine - reinstate Page 60 in textbook.

SENTENCE CHECK 2 A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 5.-6. The foreman is so ___ that he has become a ___ to the company. Concerned only with his own needs, he’s oblivious to the needs of the workers. A. prolific-contingency B. incongruous-superfluous C. egocentric-liability D. prolific-liability E. egocentric-contingency Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 6. exonerate; 7. prolific The next slide explains the answers.

SENTENCE CHECK 2 A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 7.-8. The ship’s captain seemed to be losing his mental balance. Fearing that he might become completely insane, the crew held a(n) ___ meeting to discuss what to do in that ___. A. egocentric-reinstate B. clandestine-contingency C. superfluous-liability D. clandestine-liability E. egocentric-contingency Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 6. exonerate; 7. prolific The next slide explains the answers.

SENTENCE CHECK 2 A. clandestine B. contingency C. egocentric D. exonerate E. incongruous F. indigenous G. liability H. prolific I. reinstate J. superfluous 9.-10. People who spend Christmas in Florida often find the decorations ___ with the South. Santa Clauses, sleighs, reindeer, and fir trees somehow seem ___ to the North and look odd juxtaposed with palm trees and tropical flowers. A. prolific-superfluous B. prolific-indigenous C. incongruous-clandestine D. superfluous-clandestine E. incongruous-indigenous . Page 60 in textbook. Answers: 6. exonerate; 7. prolific The next slide explains the answers.