Warm Up Define absolutism, sovereign, divine right of kings.

Absolutism in Europe

What is Absolutism? Sovereign authority (powers) of state in hands of king who ruled by divine right Sovereign authority came from God Make laws Taxing Administer justice Determine foreign policy Control state bureaucracy Divine right = ruler’s power derived from God

Absolutism in France King received their power from God, so their authority was absolute (total) Not answerable to parliament Not answerable to people Only answerable to GOD But a king’s power was not absolute (law of God)

Absolutism in Russia Serai - Capitol Mongolian “Golden Horde” controlled Russia, 1240-1502 Decentralized governance Native Russians ruled in name of Khan Collected taxes, tribute for Mongols Rule isolated Russia Princes of Muscovy became most powerful Russian princes Rulers challenged by boyars (landed nobility) The Golden Horde, c. 1400

Activity Read the following handout and answer the following questions. Proceed to complete the graphic organizer. Review with peer. Due EOC.

Warm Up Define Golden Hoard and Ottoman Empire. How did absolutism manifest itself in Russia?

Standard of the Royal Family, the Bourbons France’s Monarchy Standard of the Royal Family, the Bourbons

Background Henry IV died, 1610 Regent = Cardinal Richelieu First king of Bourbon Dynasty Son, Louis, becomes king as Louis XIII Regent = Cardinal Richelieu Moved to increase power of Bourbons Cardinal Richelieu

Increasing Power of the French Throne Huguenots Had est. their own cities, allied with Protestant nobles Rebelled against Louis XIII (est. state within state) Richelieu & town walls Nobility Destroyed castles of nobles not approved by king Increased taxes Hapsburgs (Spain & Austria) Involved France in Thirty Years War

Louis XIV Louis XIII died in 1643 – succeeded by son, Louis XIV (5 yrs) Mom = regent Cardinal Mazarin succeeds as Chief Advisor (gambler story) Louis took power when Mazarin died, in 1661 Called self “The Sun King” Moved to gain total power for himself

Louis XIV: Limiting Power of Others Nobles Louis excluded nobles from his councils Louix increased powers of bureaucracy (intendants) Palace of Versailles as symbol of his power (nobles required to move) Jean Baptiste Colbert Minister of Finance Mercantilist (colonies, French self sufficiency) Jean Baptiste Colbert Palace of Versailles

Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxIzMr2Ekpo Observe the ostentatious display of wealth.

Louis XIV: The War Years Overriding concern was to bring glory to France, himself “I AM the state” Sought to protect NE border of France against Hapsburgs, Protestants Successful wars Fought two wars, against Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands to straighten border

Louis XIV: The War Years 1689 – League of Augsburg Alliance vs. France concerned w/ Louis XIV’s rise to power Fear of Louis XIV; tried to maintain balance of power Main players Britain, Holland, Sweden Austria & Spain France weakened by bad harvest, many wars (From L: James II, William III, Louis XIV, Leopold I)

Louis XIV: The War Years 1701 - Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip, became King of Spain Phil could have unified Spain, France under one crown Rest of Europe panicked War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) French, Spanish vs. England, Austria, Dutch, Portugal Treaty of Utrecht: ended war, Phil kept throne, but no unifying France, Spain Big winner = Britain (got French colonies, trade) Philip V, King of Spain And grandson of Louis XIV

Activity Read the following handout and answer the following questions. Proceed to complete the graphic organizer. Review with peer. Due EOC.

Warm Up Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thyFSZ6a7gg What do you notice What is art focused on during the age of Absolutism? What is the significance of St. Basil’s Cathedral and who built it?

Coat of Arms of Romanovs Czars of Russia Coat of Arms of Romanovs

Ivan “the Terrible” Background Came to power in 1533, at age 3 Mom was regent Had problems with Boyars (nobles became regents at age 8) Seized power at age 16 and called self Czar, which means “Caesar” (reference?) Married Anastasia Romanov Ivan IV, The Terrible Boyar, boyarina

Ivan “the Terrible”: The Good Years Won victories against the Mongols Defeated other Russian states Added land to Muscovy Restricted movement of peasants (becoming serfs)

Ivan “the Terrible”: The Bad Period Anastasia died under mysterious circumstances Mercury poisoning! Ivan resigned as Czar Some boyars had betrayed Ivan in a war Boyars, church, knew Muscovy would collapse without Ivan Begged him to return Ivan agreed to return, with some conditions… Death of Anastasia

Ivan the Great: The Bad Period Formed Oprichnina “Separate land” Best parts of Muscovy were put under Ivan’s direct control Created oprichniki Ivan’s secret police Tortured, murdered enemies of Ivan (esp. boyars) Seized lands and gave to loyal boyars 1581 – killed own son, Ivan, in an argument Modern interpretation of symbol of Oprichniki

Time of Troubles (1584-1613) Ivan died, 1584; weak successor died in 1598 without heir No strong leader among boyars = civil war Rise of “false Dmitris” (claimed to be son of Ivan) 1613 – election of Romanov as Czar Election of Michael Romanov

Activity Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer. Russian Absolutism Graphic Organizer All due EOC.

Warm Up How was Ivan the Great considered “great”? How was Ivan the Terrible considered “terrible”?

Let’s jump forward 80 years or so……. Bear with me.

Peter the Great (1672-1725) Became co-tsar in 1682, with brother, Ivan Regent = aunt Sophia 1689: wrestled control from Sophia, but Peter’s mom stepped in as Regent 1694: Mom died 1696: sole Tsar w/ death of Ivan Young Peter in full regalia

Russia vs. Europe, in 1700 Serfs & boyars Religion isolated Russia Serfs = peasants tied to land What was happening in Europe? Rise of middle class! Religion isolated Russia Russian Orthodox Focused on Moscow, not Rome

Russia vs. Europe, in 1700 Mongol rule through Golden Horde isolated Russia from Renaissance, Age of Exploration Geography of Russia isolated it from rest of world Sheer size of country Lack of warm water ports = wars vs. Swedes and Ottomans

Statue of Peter working as Peter the Great “The Great Embassy” (1697-98) Peter visited the West to build alliance vs. Turks Also to learn Western customs Learned techniques of building / manufacturing Tried to keep identity secret, but… Goal was to westernize Russia (eventual military, commercial competition w/ West) Statue of Peter working as Shipwright in Holland

Peter the Great Peter as Absolute Monarch Eastern Orthodox Church brought under state control Imposed high taxes on peasants to pay for westernization Increased size of army and trained it in modern European style Reduced power of boyars (sound familiar?)

Peter the Great Westernization of Russia Introduced potato Established “Table of Ranks” Bureaucracy based on merit, not birth Lessened boyars’ authority, control Introduced western fashion Established “beard tax” Ordered boyars to dress in western fashion Peter cutting off boyar’s beard

Peter the Great Built new capital Old capital, Moscow, was landlocked Peter wanted “Window to the West” , a port city, as capital Fought Sweden to gain a warm water port 1703: began construction of St. Petersburg 25-100k serfs died building city When completed, Peter ordered boyars from Moscow to move to new capital

Peter the Great’s Legacy Died in 1725 w/ no kids; wife became Empress (set precedent) First Autocrat of Russia Autocrat = one who rules with unlimited authority, power Took absolutism to its logical conclusion Russian tsar became most powerful monarch in Europe, until 1906

Mirror Mirror on the Wall Who’s the fairest Absolute Monarch of them all? From the list provided, research your favorite absolute monarch. Provide an image, slogan, map, quote and paragraph about your chosen monarch.