Maintaining Homeostasis: Nutrient Absorption

How many different systems do you see? 3 1. Digestive 2. Respiratory 3. Circulatory

Match each system with its function and complete the following table: What system do the products go to? (use arrows) Function of system Digestive system  Circulatory System  To break down food in to small molecules to be absorbed Respiratory system  Circulatory system  To take in oxygen from the environment to be absorbed Circulatory system  Respiratory system (CO2), waste  To circulate food and oxygen for cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy 1. Where does the glucose come from? Food 2. Where does the oxygen come from? Breathing 3. What are the final products of cellular respiration? CO2, H2O, ATP 4. In which organelle does this take place in our cells? Mitochondria

Digestive systems of kingdom Animalia Types of digestive systems: Filter feeder Digestive cavity: 1 opening (Gastrovascular cavity) Digestive tract: 2 openings Description of system: Aquatic animals that strain tiny floating organisms from water Digestive chamber with food entering and waste exiting through one opening. 2 openings: mouth, anus. Picture of system:   Examples Sponges Cnidarians, Flatworms Roundworms, Earthworms, Mollusks, Arthropods, Mammals

Human Digestive System Purpose: converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food and eliminates waste Parts of the System: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum/colon accessory organs include the salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

How the Digestive System Works: Digestion begins in the mouth chemical digestion – salivary glands produce amylase which begins to break down sugars and starches mechanical digestion – teeth grind and break down food into smaller pieces esophagus – moves food from mouth to stomach using peristalsis (smooth muscle contractions)

stomach – food is combined with acids (pH 1-2) and enzymes (chemical digestion); the stomach muscles squeeze and contract (mechanical digestion) chyme – partially digested food cardiac sphincter – ring of muscle at top of stomach to keep food inside pyloric sphincter – ring of muscle at bottom of stomach to keep food pushed into small intestine from re-entering stomach

  small intestine – absorption of food molecules into the blood takes place here with the help of enzymes inner surface of small intestine heavily folded and lined with small finger-like projections called villi this creates a large surface area for nutrient absorption

large intestine – absorbs water and compacts waste rectum/anus – releases wastes outside the body Smooth muscle lining the digestive organs moves food through in a one-way direction (peristalsis) Click on picture

Accessory organs of the digestive system: Bile Duct pancreas Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels Produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids liver Produces bile, aids in the digestion of fats Bile is stored in a pouch under the liver, the gall bladder Liver Pancreas Stomach

Homeostasis and Internal Feedback Mechanisms: Glucose is primary source of energy for body Constant supply of glucose must be maintained in the blood, but must be kept in balance so as not to damage cells Hormones produced by pancreas, glucagon and insulin, help cells maintain homeostasis with regard to blood sugar

Fun Facts Because smooth muscles in the esophagus contract in waves in a single direction, any food you ate would reach your stomach even if you were standing on your head. Humans produce about 1.7 liters of saliva per day. The average male will eat about 50 tons of food over his lifetime to sustain a weight of 150 pounds! DIGESTION

Respiratory systems of Kingdom Animalia Simple Complex

Human respiratory system Purpose: Provides O2 to the blood for cellular respiration in the cells and removes produced CO2 from the body Exchange of gases occurs through the walls of the sacs of the lungs Structures: Nasal Cavity (Nose) warms, filters, moistens air as it passes over mucous membrane   Pharynx (Throat) Located where the passages from the nose and mouth come together

Epiglottis Larynx (Voice Box) Trachea (Windpipe) Flap of elastic tissue that forms a lid over the opening of the trachea Larynx (Voice Box) Located between the pharynx and the trachea Contains two ligaments—vocal cords—that produce sound (vibrate) when air moves through them Trachea (Windpipe) Tube through which air moves from the pharynx to the lungs (stiff cartilage)

Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Two short tubes which direct air into right and left lungs Bronchioles Millions of smaller tubes that branch off each bronchi Alveoli Small sacs found at the end of the bronchioles that are surrounded by capillaries site of gas exchange: oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange places in the capillaries

Diaphragm Sheet of muscle below the lungs that separate chest cavity (thorax) from the abdominal cavity Contracts and relaxes to help inflate and deflate the lungs

Respiratory Processes: Breathing: the movement of air into and out of the lungs External Respiration the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the capillaries of the alveoli and the air occurs in the lungs

Internal Respiration (Cellular Respiration): the process by which cells get energy from the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen occurs in the mitochondria of the cells Why do we breathe faster during exercise? Because there is elevated amounts of CO2 in the blood stream

Let’s Review: After food is broken down/digested, what system do the molecules diffuse to? CIRCULATORY After you take a breath, in to what system does the oxygen diffuse to? CIRCULATORY

Circulatory Systems of Kingdom Animalia:

Human Circulatory System Purpose: To transport oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in the body and to take carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells of the body Structures: heart: main organ that pumps blood blood vessels: tubes through which blood travels

arteries: carry blood away from heart veins: carry blood toward heart capillaries: smallest blood vessels; where exchange of nutrients and wastes takes place by diffusion

blood: liquid including red and white blood cells and platelets plasma: thick, yellowish liquid in which blood cells are suspended red blood cells: carry O2 and remove CO2 (transported by the protein hemoglobin) white blood cells: help fight disease platelets: help form blood clots

Open Circulatory System: blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels Blood comes in direct contact with the tissues and eventually makes its way back to the heart Characteristic of arthropods and most mollusks

Closed Circulatory System: heart or heart-like organ forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body Blood stays within these vessels Materials reach body tissues by diffusing across the walls of the blood vessels Characteristic of larger, more active animals Because blood trapped within the blood vessels is kept at high pressure, it can be circulated more efficiently than in an open circulatory system

Single Loop Circulation Most single-loop vertebrates use gills for respiration Forces blood around body in one direction Double Loop Circulation –located in vertebrates that use lungs for respiration

First loop – carries blood between heart and lungs Oxygen poor blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs while oxygen-rich blood from the lungs returns to the heart Second loop – carries blood between heart and body Oxygen-rich blood from the heart is pumped to the body, while oxygen-poor blood from the body returns to the heart.

BIG IDEAS! Where does the circulatory system take the molecules from your food and oxygen from your lungs? What process do your cells use oxygen and molecules (glucose) for? What do we get from this process? To all the cells in your body Cellular Respiration ATP!