Nationalism and the spread of Democracy Topic 14

Revolutions Sweep Europe Topic 14.1

Ideologies: system of thought and belief Clash of Ideologies Ideologies: system of thought and belief LIBERALS CONSERVATIVES Ideas appealed to middle class of educated business people and professionals Ideas appealed to royalty, nobility, church leaders, and uneducated peasants GOALS: Governments based on written constitutions Separation of powers Natural rights of individuals (liberty, equality, and property) Republican form of government Laissezfaire economics Revolution, if necessary, to achieve goals Royal families on their thrones Traditional social hierarchy Authority of established churches Respect and obedience to authority Stability and order Suppression of revolutions Opposed freedom of the press (Prince Metternich, Austrian politician)

Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe Serbia Gains Independence: gradually Serbia gained a degree of autonomy (self-rule) within the Ottoman empire Greeks Revolt Against Ottoman Rule: long bloody wars will finally grant independence in the late 1820s for some Greek provinces and by 1830 gaining total independence provided the Greeks accept a German prince as their king (Otto von Wittelsbach) Spain, Portugal, and several Italian States demanded constitutional governments. Although troops were able to dampen the fires of liberalism and nationalism they could not smother them, in the next decades the sparks would flare anew.

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 The Congress of Vienna had restored Louis XVIII to the French throne. He issued a constitution, the Charter of French Liberties. The “ultras” despised the constitution. When Louis XVIII died, Charles X inherited the throne; he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press(absolutism). The citizens in Paris threw up barricades and fired on the soldiers, pelted them with stones and roof tiles, within days, rebels controlled Paris. Charles X abdicated (renounce one’s throne) and fled to England.

“Citizen King” Louis Philippe Once Charles X abdicated, the Liberals insisted on a constitutional monarchy and chose Louis Philippe as king. He owed his throne to the people Under his rule, the upper bourgeoisie prospered Extended suffrage to France’s wealthier citizens His other policies favored the middle class at the expense of the workers Louis Philippe

The Revolution of 1848 in France By the 1840s, discontent in France was again reaching a boiling point. Industrial Revolution was changing life in France, especially in the cities Radicals still wanted a republic Utopian socialists called for an end to private ownership of property Liberals denounced Louis Philippe’s government for corruption Discontent grew when a recession hit France

Unrest and Revolt “February Days” “June Days” Feb 1848 Government prevents public meetings People hit the streets: overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees blocked the streets Men and women behind the barricades sang revolutionary anthem Louis Philippe abdicated; the people proclaimed the Second Republic “June Days” In June, upper- and middle-class interests had won control of the government They saw the national workshops as a waste of money and shut them down. Furious workers again took to the streets of Paris however this time the bourgeois liberals turned violently against the protesters At least 1,500 people were killed before the government crushed the rebellion

Napoleon III Louis Napoleon By the end of 1848, the National Assembly issued a constitution for the Second Republic; it created a strong president and a one-house legislature Also, gave the vote to all adult men Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, had an overwhelming win By 1852, he proclaimed himself emperor, taking the title Napoleon III, thus ending the Second Republic Brought rapid economic growth however in time his foreign adventures would bring down his empire and end French leadership in Europe. Louis Napoleon

Latin American Nations Win Independence Topic 14.2

Fewest People Most Power PENINSULARES: People born in Spain who dominated political and social life CREOLES: People who descended from European families and owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines MESTIZOS: People born of Native American and European descent MULATTOES: People born of African and European descent NATIVE AMERICANS AND SLAVES Most People Least Power