18/09/2018 Use, Misuse and Abuse (Edexcel) W Richards The Weald School

The effect of drugs Brain damage Personality change Liver damage 18/09/2018 Brain damage Personality change Liver damage Alcohol Solvents Hallucinations Bad judgement Addiction Organ damage

Smoking Cigarettes contain 3 harmful things: 18/09/2018 Cigarettes contain 3 harmful things: NICOTINE, which is an ___________ drug that raises the heart beat, narrows the arteries and so causes ____ _____ _____. This leads to heart _________. TAR, which coats the lining of the _______ making them less able to take in oxygen. It also contains carcinogens which cause ______________. CARBON MONOXIDE, which is a _______ ____ which joins up with ____ blood cells making them incapable of transporting _____________ around the body. In pregnant women it can cause oxygen deprivation, leading to low birth ______. Words – high blood pressure, oxygen, red, addictive, disease, poisonous gas, lungs, cancer, mass

Abnormal behaviour caused Other drugs 18/09/2018 Drug Effect on nerves Effect on activities Abnormal behaviour caused Caffeine/ other stimulants Barbiturates/ other sedatives Paracetamol/ other painkillers Speed up synapse transmissions Reactions could become faster Highly strung, leads to exhaustion Slow down synapse transmissions May make you drowsy, you shouldn’t drive Highly addictive, make you irritable Prevent synapse transmissions May make you drowsy, you shouldn’t drive Side effects include dizziness or itchiness

Cannabis: Pros and cons 18/09/2018 In January 2004 cannabis was changed from a class B drug to a class C drug. Some people think that Cannabis should be made legal. What are the pros and cons of cannabis? Pros: Cons:

Pathogens 18/09/2018 Pathogens are microbes (micro organisms) that can cause diseases. They can enter the body in a number of ways: They can be breathed in through the mouth or nose They can enter through cuts or bites in the skin …or other natural openings…

Disease 18/09/2018 A disease is any condition where the body isn’t working as it should. This could be caused by a malfunction in the body (as with diabetes) or it could be caused by a type of pathogen: Bacteria Viruses 1/1000th mm big Living cells (some are harmless) Grow very quickly Affected by antibiotics Examples: food poisoning, tetanus, sore throats 1/1,000,000th mm big Genetic info inside a protein coat Not affected by antibiotics Release poisons Examples: colds, flu, polio, chicken pox

Fungi 18/09/2018 Fungi can also cause unwanted conditions. These conditions can be treated with anti-fungal medicine and antibiotics. Some examples (don’t look if you’re faint hearted!):

Transmitting Diseases 18/09/2018 Pathogens can be transmitted in a number of ways: “Horizontal transmission” (directly ______ an ill person) “Vehicle transmission” (touching an ill person’s ________) “Vertical transmission” (mother to ____) Airborne (______ in the air) Vector-borne (third party, e.g. __________) Words – mosquitoes, belongings, touching, baby, germs

Microbes: our defence against them 18/09/2018 Our bodies have defence mechanisms against invading microbes: The breathing organs have hairs and produce mucus to cover the lining of these organs and trap the microbes Tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that kills bacteria The skin acts as a waterproof barrier If our skin is cut platelets seal the wound by clotting Our blood contains white blood cells

Cleaning our air 18/09/2018 Our respiratory system has two types of specialised cell that help to keep our lungs clean: 1. Mucus is produced and traps dust, bacteria etc 2. The mucus is swept upwards to the mouth by cilia (cells with tiny hairs)

Blood clotting 18/09/2018 When we have a cut our blood forms a scab to prevent microbes entering the wound: Platelets in the blood are exposed to the air They release an enzyme The enzyme converts a soluble protein into insoluble fibrin The fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and a scab forms

White blood cells 18/09/2018 If microbes enter our body they need to be neutralised or killed. This is done by WHITE BLOOD CELLS: White blood cells do 3 things: They eat the microbe (these white blood cells are called “phagocytes”) They produce antibodies to neutralise the microbe (“lymphocytes”) The produce antitoxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes (lymphocytes again)

Producing antibodies You’re going down 18/09/2018 You’re going down Step 1: The lymphocyte “sees” the pathogen (microbe) Step 2: The cell produces antibodies to “fit” the pathogen Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the pathogens and cause them to “clump” Step 4: The pathogens are “eaten” by the white blood cells

Specific antibodies 18/09/2018 Antibodies are specific – they will neutralise the microbe they have been made for.

Tuberculosis 18/09/2018 Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by “mycobacterium tuberculosis”. It usually affects the lungs and the bacteria are spread in coughs and sneezes. TB bacteria can cause cavities or lumps in the lungs No. of cases of TB in Britain Year 140,000 1953 National vaccination starts

Researching new medicines 18/09/2018 Before new drugs can be approved they have to go through three stages: 1. Is it toxic? Tests are done on animals 2. Is it safe for humans? Human volunteers trial the drug 3. Does it work? People with the illness are tested on