Reformation During the Middle Ages the Roman Catholic church was a powerful force in Europe Kings may clash with church but knew that their power increased if blessed by the church So the Pope had a lot of political power

Church was one institution that all western Europe had in common Unifying force Believed to be sanction by God Church holds it self as the undisputed authority on all things– both spiritual and on this earth Pope is the connection between man and God People understood to get to heaven you had to follow the Catholic Church

Church understood the power it possess Used it to finance immense building projects and pay for art Sold indulgences Piece of paper that reduced or took away a sin Meant that you would spend less time in purgatory Place you spent before you went to heaven Not a happy place Indulgences not only raised funds but also gave control over the people Some especially the nobles will resent the power and wealth of the church

1517- German monk nailed 95 Theses on church door at Wittenberg List of 95 complaints against the church Against the sale of indulgence Selling salvation for profit Upset with immoral behavior of clergy Monasticism was wrong Services in Latin Bible was only in Latin and Church had to interpret it Believed that people should be able to read the Bible in native language Martin Luther

Justification of Faith Person could be made just or good , simply by having faith in God’s mercy and love. Salvation was given directly by God for having faith People could ask for forgiveness directly without the church To interact with God- only need Bible not priests and church Decrease the power of the church over people Church would now be an aid to salvation rather than the grantor of salvation

Luther’s challenges were theological based and directed at Pope’s religious role Luther made it acceptable to question the wisdom of the Church However Luther did not want to break away from the church rather make reforms

German elite will support Luther because Princes could increase their independence from emperor Seize church land Control the church in their areas German common people will support Luther because Lutherans approve of making money adventures more than the Catholic church

Aid by the printing press the list quickly spread and stir the pot Printing of Bibles in native language allow lay people to read and form their own relationship with God Pope Leo X Order Luther to recant but he refused Luther was excommunicated Split in church between Catholics and Protestants Catholics stress faith and good work in salvation and importance of church teachings as a spiritual guide Luther followers called themselves—Lutherans Emphasis salvation by faith alone and the Bible as the only source of religious truth

There will be further division among the Protestants- Other leaders will have different interpretations of the Bible

John Calvin Predestination God alone directed everything that has happen in the past , present and future God has already predetermine people’s fate Most influenced by Martin concept that humans cannot earn a place in heaven Geneva Turn into a model religious community City of God

Political impact Participation of all believers in church administration Encourage the idea of wider access to government

John Knox Took Calvin ideas to Scotland Used Calvin’s teachings to encourage moral people to overthrow “ungodly” rulers

Huguenots French protestants greatly influenced by teachings of John Calvin

Anabaptists Practice of baptizing only adult members Denied authority of local governments to direct their lives Because of zealot activity of a few, many Anabaptists will flee to America Bring two important concepts to America Religious liberty Separation of church and state Became Baptists, Amish and Mennonite

Henry VIII Break with Catholic church cause not by religious beliefs but Henry VIII desire for a male heir and the Catholic church refusal to grant an annulment Created Church of England King head of the church

Protestant Reformation will paved the way for revolutions in education, politics and science

Counter-Reformation Catholic church alarm by the numbers leaving will decide to make reforms to the church Also called the Catholic Reformation Movement led by Spain But also about reaffirming the Catholic Church Made clear that they were not bowing to demands of the Protestants but clarifying their beliefs Pope still superior Masses still mandatory

Movement aid by Jesuits Founded by Ignatius Loyola Influential in restoring faith in church Practice self control and moderation Prayer and good works led to salvation Strict training and high expectations of the order will help Jesuits obtain high positions in royal courts

Council of Trent Confirm Salvation comes through faith and good works Church traditions is equal to Bible as a source of religious truth Latin Vulgate translation of Bible was the only acceptable version of scripture Mass only in Latin Ended Church abuses Forbid sale of indulgences Strict rules of behavior for clergy Established seminary Use of Inquisition courts

Successful in slowing the spread of Protestant religion Southern Europe will remain primarily Catholic Northern Europe will primarily become Protestant

Results of Protestant Reformation Increased European questioning of political authority Strengthened the authority of monarchs as papal power decreased Encouraged education as Protestants wanted their children to be able to read the Bible Created new Protestant churches Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants for the next 200 years