MODERNISM, POST-MODERNISM AND CHAOS THEORY Rajesh Kevin Sanjay

“Modernism is not a precise label but instead a way of referring to the efforts of many individuals across the arts who tried to move away from established modes of representations” By Peter childs, Modernism, 2008

What ıs modernısm? Era of Change Philosophical Movement Era of War Cultural Changes Political changes Changes in Belief and Science Change in way of life Philosophical Movement Era of War

MODERNITY Modernity simply refers to a modern time period that is characterized by capitalism, rationalism and the nation state. Modernity is the modern era of humanity to the degree that such a rapidly evolving notion can be categorized

hıstory of modernısm Started between the 19th and 20th century France Charles Baudelaire Edouard Manet Gustave Flaubert Avant-garde WWII Charles Baudelaire in literature and Édouard Manet in painting, and perhaps with Gustave Flaubert, too, in prose fiction "avant-garde" was what Modernism was called at first, and the term remained to describe movements which identify themselves as attempting to overthrow some aspect of tradition or the status quo.

MODERNISM TIMELINE 1914: 1917: 1919: WWI ends, Outbreak of WWI 1917: US enters war, Russian Revolution 1919: WWI ends, Einstein’s Relativity theory confirmed, Prohibition begins 1920 League of Nations begins; 19th Amendment granting women the vote

MODERNISM TIMELINE 1921; 1922; 1923; 1925 Irish Free State proclaimed 1922; Fascists march on Rome under Mussolini 1923; Charleston craze 1925 Image of human face televised Hitler published Mein Kampf

MODERNISM TIMELINE 1927 Lindbergh flies solo across Atlantic Al Jolson, first talkie 1929 US stock market crashes; 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany First German concentration camps Prohibition ends in US

MODERNISM TIMELINE 1934 1936 1938 Hitler becomes dictator Civil War in Spain begins 1938 Germany occupies Austria 1939 Hitler and Stalin make pact; Germany invades Poland Great Britain and France declare war on Germany

MODERNISM TIMELINE 1944 D-Day invasion of France 1941 1942 Germany invades USSR Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, US enters war 1942 Battle of Stalingrad, Battle of Midway; T-shirt invented 1944 D-Day invasion of France

MODERNISM TIMELINE 1945 End of war in Europe Atomic bomb dropped on Japan First computer built Microwave oven invented United Nations founded

Characterıstıcs of modernısm Nihilism Rejection of moral principles Self-Consciousness nihilism, the rejection of all religious and moral principles as the only means of obtaining social progress. A notable characteristic of Modernism is self-consciousness, which often led to experiments with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, poem, building, etc.

What shaped modernısm? Technology Optimism Accelerated way of life Development of industrial societies WWI Influences of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Invented the use of psychoanalysis as a means to study one’s “unconscious”

Post modernısm It is a late 20th century movement in arts architecture and criticism that was a departure from modernism The rejection of the scientific canon of the idea that there can be a single coherent rationality or that reality has a unitary nature that can be definitively observed or understood Started in the 1940s - present Social theorists grew tired of the mainstream and traditional sociological theories of functionalism, conflict, and symbolic interactionism. This discontent led to development of alternative sociological theories and mirrored western societies’ transitions from “modernity” to “postmodernity”

Characteristics of post-modernısm There is no absolute truth Truth and error are synonymous Self conceptualization and rationalization Traditional authority is false and corrupt Morality is personal Globalization There is no absolute truth - Postmodernists believe that the notion of truth is a contrived illusion, misused by people and special interest groups to gain power over others.  Truth and error are synonymous - Facts, postmodernists claim, are too limiting to determine anything. Changing erratically, what is fact today can be false tomorrow.  Self-conceptualization and rationalization - Traditional logic and objectivity are spurned by postmodernists. Preferring to rely on opinions rather than embrace facts, postmodernist spurn the scientific method.  Traditional authority is false and corrupt - Postmodernists speak out against the constraints of religious morals and secular authority. They wage intellectual revolution to voice their concerns about traditional establishment.  Morality is personal - Believing ethics to be relative, postmodernists subject morality to personal opinion. They define morality as each person’s private code of ethics without the need to follow traditional values and rules.  Globalization – Many postmodernists claim that national boundaries are a hindrance to human communication. Nationalism, they believe, causes wars. Therefore, postmodernists often propose internationalism and uniting separate countries

Influential postmodern phılosophers Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) El- Biar, Algeria Used a deconstructive approach Jean-Francois Lyotard (1924-1998) Versailles, France Lectured of topics such as Post modern conditions Knowledge and communications Language metanarratives and legitimization

Comparıson of modernısm and post modernısm Structure opposed to anarchy Construction opposed to deconstruction Theory opposed to anti-theory Interpretation opposed to hostility toward definite interpretation Meaning opposed to the play of meaning or a refusal to pin down

COMPARISON CONT’D Metanarratives opposed to hostility toward narratives The search for underlying meaning opposed to a suspicion (or certainty) that this is impossible Progress opposed to a doubt that progress is possible Order opposed to subversion Encyclopaedic knowledge opposed to a web of understanding

Crıtıcısm of postmodernısm Ad hominem tu quoque Although postmodernism focuses on irrational tendencies and appears to celebrate them, it still uses reason as a tool. Postmodernists mock the inconsistencies of modernism but are not consistent themselves. Rejecting criteria for judging questions is not enough; alternatives have to be provided. -a logical fallacy in which an argument is questioned because the proponent doesn't seem to hold him or herself to it; if the positions are explained carefully, though, there is no requirement for a postmodernist to be consistent if his or her objective is only to show that an idea is flawed

Relevancy • Modernism: 1890s~about 1945 • Postmodernism: after WWII, after 1968 • Modern and postmodern are vague and have been applied to different aspects. • Modernism and postmodernism are usually used to refer the technological advancements and new modes of thinking. (Is a theory or not) • “Modernist thinking is about search of an abstract truth of life; postmodernist thinkers believe that there is no universal truth, abstract or otherwise.” Postmodernist believe the power from hyper-reality and they get highly influenced by mass media.

How dıd modernısm and post modernısm change busıness decısıons?

Chaos theory Paradigm for the 21 Century Qualitative Non-linearly and Feedback Dynamical systems Qualitative chaos theory explains one class of systems with unpredictable behaviours Its built on the concepts of non linearly and feedback Chaos theory is embodied within the mathematical field of dynamical systems

CHAOS THEORY To understand chaos theory we need to understand Newton's Interrelated quantitative measurements Randomness Discreteness Dynamism

RANDOMNESS Error Whenever a measurement is made the will be some amount of error involved Statistical analysis was developed in part to characterize such errors Observed processes are too complex to measure in detail Statistical analysis helps to show average tendencies

dıscreteness Always active Most processes acting in the world today are continuous Having incomplete knowledge of what is happening with systems between measurements Series of events Some systems are not continuous

dynamısm Time is talked about mostly as a human perception However, processes around us are actively evolving or changing in time

Nonlınearly road to chaos Nonlinearly in mathematics means that future values of a process depends on the past values of the same process This can be referred to as feedback Positive feedback means that if a process goes in one direction, nonlinear feedback makes it go that way even faster Negative feedbacks means that if a process goes in one direction non linear feedback tries to make it go the other way

Usage of chaos theory Predicting financial markets Modelling of manufacturing systems In a scenario where businesses operating in turbulent, complex and unpredictable environment chaos theory can be very valuable ; Business strategy Complex decision making Social sciences Stock market behaviour

QUESTIONS?