The Forbidden City 故宮 - 紫禁城 First created 20 Feb 2011. Version 1.0 Jerry Tse. London. All rights reserved. Available free for non-commercial and non-profit use only.

Plan The Inner Court The Outer Court The palace was divided into two parts. The Outer Court was used for state ceremonies. The Inner Court was the residence of the Emperor and his family. It was also used for running the day-to-day affairs of state. It was run by eunuchs. Early Ming c1630 halls. Early Qing 1800 halls. Currently 2631 halls, made up of 90 court yards, 980 houses. 8704 bays of rooms. A bays of rooms is defined as bounded by 4 pillars. Dimension of the site 1100 yards from south and north and 830 yards east to west. It is surrounding by 23 feet high, with 4 tower at the corners. Building started in 1406, employing 200,000 workers and the emperor and court moved in before the outer walls and gates were completed in 1421. Over 9000 rooms. 70000 eunuchs. 300 yrs of constructions and reconstructions from Zhudi to Qianlong. In early Ming Dynasty, there were about 1630 halls. In early Qing there were 1800 halls. Currently the palace has 2631 halls and 90 courtyards.

The Ming Builders 明 Zhudi was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He decided to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. He was a megalomaniac. Not only did he built the Forbidden City In Beijing, he also restored the Great Wall & the Grand Canal and sent his armada of ships into the Indian Ocean reaching Saudi Arabia and Africa. In 1406, he started building the Forbidden City, which took 15 years to complete in 1421, employing 200,000 craftsmen and million of labourers to build. It created an architectural complex unmatched in history. It is the biggest palace the world have even seen, with some 1630 halls. Unfortunately, it was burned down 3 times by major fires during the 273 years of the Ming Dynasty and had to be rebuilt again. Dimension of the site 1100 yards from south and north and 830 yards east to west. It is surrounding by 23 feet high, with 4 tower at the corners. Building started in 1406, employing 230,000 workers, a million labourers and the emperor and court moved in before the outer walls and gates were completed in 1421. 70000 eunuchs. June 1421 three main halls were destroyed, struck by lightning. 1440 rebuilt (19 yr later). 1459 built western courts. 1557 fire destroy the first three main buildings. 1561 rebuilt completed. 1597 fires destroyed first 3 building and 3 halls in Inner Courts. Rebuilt completed in 1627. Three major rebuilt after fires – 1421, 1557 & 1597. Zhu Di 朱棣 A late 15C to early 16C painting depicting the Heavenly Succession Gate 承天門 and the Outer Five Dragons Bridge 外五龍橋 near today’s Tiananmen.

Construction Materials Glazed Roof Tile – By far the most common roof tiles are the yellow glazed tiles. Yellow being the colour of the emperor. A few houses are covered with green tiles for the princes. Marble 漢白玉石 – The main buildings of the palaces were build on marble terraces. There is a huge inclined slab, with carved dragons, weighs 300 tons. These were transported on sheets of ice pulled by 20000 men and horses and took a month to travel the 50km journey. Bricks and Golden Bricks 金磚 – Bricks were used for paving and for the external walls. Floor tiles are known as Golden Bricks, made in Suzhou. These were made of clay and took two months firing in kilns. A floor tile took two years to made, and can last for centuries. They are called Golden Bricks because they are expensive to made. Logs of Phoebe zhenan wood. Timber – All palace buildings used timber frame structures. The most important of timber are the pillars of Nanwu wood 楠木 (Phoebe Zhennan). These logs were transported from south western China and took 4 years for the journey. Some 100,000 Nanwu pillars were used in the construction. The wood work were covered by a secret formulated paste, mixed with pig’s blood, flour and earth for preservation.

Qing 清 During the Qing dynasty, the palace was rebuilt many times after fires. Many buildings were also added to the palace. Below is a view of the palace on the wedding of the Qing Emperor Guangxu. 1644 Ming fell. Rebels burnt palace before retreat. Only few buildings left standing. Manchu entered Beijing in the same year. First rebuilt palace on 1 to 10 scale. Next 14 years rebuilt on original scale. Fire in 1679 cause by kitchen unit. 1683 rebuilt some previous destroyed areas. 1735 Qianlong became emperor started a 60 years major restoration of Qugong. 1886 major fire destroyed main buildings. Rebuilding last for 20 years until 1906. Three major rebuilding projects.

Qianlong 乾隆 (1711-95) The longest reigning emperor (1736-95) of Qing Dynasty. He started a 60 years major upgrade of the palaces. He was a highly cultured emperor, with a diverse range of interests – from collecting jade to calligraphy etc. It was his collection more than any other emperors that form the backbone of the collection of the Qugong Museum in Beijing and of the Palace Museum of Taipei. Under him, imperial China reached the zenith of her power.

Moat The palace is surrounded by a 52 m wide moat. 52m wide moat

Walls The exterior walls is 10m high, 8.6m thick at the base. The core of the wall is filled with earth, surfaced with three layers of special bricks 10m high Wall. 8.62 metres thick at the base. Walls both defensive and retaining walls, rammed earth core, filled with mortar, surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides.

Corner Towers 角樓 Ubtrucate riids wutg 72 rudges, reproducing the Yellow Crane Pavillion of Song Dynasty. There are four watch towers at the four corners of the palace walls.

Gates There are some 10,000 gates in the palace. All gates is with 9x9 array of golden door nails, except the East Glorious Gate which has only 8 rows. There are 10,000 gates in the palace There are some 10,000 gates in the palace.

Meridian Gate 午門 The gate has 5 gateways. The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way. Height 37.95m and the largest gate in the palace. This is the grandest of all the palace gates. It is nearly 38m high. This marks the beginning of the palace complex.

Decorative Glazed Tiles 琉璃 Apart from the distinctive yellow glazed tiles used for the roofs, tiles were also used as decorations on screens and walls.

Roof Mythical creatures on the roof ridges showing the status of the building. Distinctive yellow glazed tiles make the palace stand out from the rest of the city. Because most Chinese roofs were curved, the timber frame that supported the roof became more complicated.

Wooden Construction 斗栱 Timber Frame 梁架 Bracketing Traditional large Chinese buildings were mainly built of wood. All the weight of the building are supported by a wooden frame. Thus the wall are light and not weight bearing. Chinese carpenters developed some of the most complicated wooden joints used in buildings (see diagram on the right). One of these complicated joint is the Luban Locking Joints 魯班鎖, which is a joint used for three perpendicular beams. Dougongs are brackets that lock beams together with pillars together. The technique dated back to two thousand years. Bracketing 斗栱

Ceilings Caisson 藻井 Coffered ceilings. 天花

Terraces 台基 The use of terraces in Chinese architecture dated back to over 3000 years. The three main buildings of the outer court were built on a three tiers of marble terraces decorated with beautiful carved balustrades.

Carved Slab The carved slab on the central staircase of the main terrace. Only the emperors were allowed to be carried over it.

Outer Court 外朝 During the Ming Dynasty, the Outer Court is used by the emperor to attend the daily affairs of the state. During the Qing Dynasty, this usage was moved to the Inner Court. However, the Outer Court was always used for the special state occasions and ceremonies. The great courtyard is in front of The Hall of Supreme Harmony. The courtyard is 10,000 square metres in area. The 33 single room-units on each side were used as warehouses for storing such items as fur, porcelain, silver, tea, silks and satins and clothes. The three most important buildings lies on the central north-south axis. They are the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太 和 殿 (first building on the photo), the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿 (the small building behind) and the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿.

Supreme Harmony The original Ming building was twice as large as the current hall. It is one of the largest wooden structure within China. The building is the focal point of the palace. It was used in Ming Dynasty to administration state affairs. In Qing Dynasty it was used only for ceremonial occasions. 太和殿 On three tiers of marble platforms. Original Hall (Feng Tian Dian 奉天殿 ) was twice as large as the current Hall of Supreme Harmony, which was destroyed 7 time during the Qing Dynasty by fires and the last re-built was in 1695-1697. It is one of the largest wooden structure within China. 72 pillars. Largest wooden building in the world. 6 gilted dragon pillars.

Hall of Supreme Harmony - Interior 太和殿 Hall of Supreme Harmony - Interior Richly decorated with beautiful carvings, the Dragon Throne stands on a raised platform, surrounding with urns, incense burners, carved dragons, cranes and elephants. Envoys were required to kneel and kowtow to the floor nine times on approach to the emperor.

Supreme Harmony It is the largest timber frame building in China. The building was destroyed 7 times. The last rebuilt was in 1695-1697. 太和殿

Central Harmony It is small square hall, serving as a rest room. It was a stop over room for the emperor for last minute preparations before conducting state or ceremony affairs. 中和殿

Throne A beautifully carved dragon standing on the back of the throne. There are several thrones in the palace. They are all beautifully carved. Some are in gold colour and others with natural wood colours.

Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿 The hall of Supreme Harmony is 35 metres high, 60 metres wide and 33 metres on both sides. It is now the largest, best preserved wooden hall in China. Twenty-four pillars support the roof; the central six are gilded and painted in the design of dragons, the rest are painted red. The Emperor's throne, which is surrounded by art treasures of symbolic significance, is in the middle of the hall. Above the throne is a gold painted caisson, or coffered ceiling, with dragon designs, from which hangs a spherical pearl called the Xuanyuan Mirror . This pearl was supposed to be able to distinguish right from wrong. The hall was used for the ‘imperial examination’, as well as banquets on Lunar New Year’s Eve to entertain ministers, generals, as well as Mongolian and Tibetan nobles.

Musical Instruments A rack of gilded musical bronze bells used during ceremonial and state occasions. The bells are similar in size and different notes are produced using bells with different thickness.

Inner Court 內朝 The Inner Court was the home of the Emperor and his family. In Qing Dynasty the some halls within the Inner Court were used by for administering state affairs. Ming Emperors attended daily affairs at the outer court. Qing emperors attended court in the Inner Court. The Gate of Heavenly Purity (above) leading into the Inner Court. The three most important buildings in the Inner Court echoes the group of the three buildings in the Outer Court. They are the Hall of Heavenly Purity 乾清宫(first building on the photo), the Hall of Union 交泰殿 (the small building behind) and the Hall of Earthly Tranquillity 坤宁宫.

The Gate of Heavenly Purity 乾清門 Entrance to the private world of the emperor.

Palace of Heavenly Purity 乾清宫 Palace of Heavenly Purity In early Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, it is here that the emperor conducted the day-to-day affairs. In late Qing, it was used as an audience hall to receive foreign envoys and high ranked officials.

交泰殿 Hall of Union The building was used as the empress’ dressing room or celebrations of her birthdays. The imperial seals were also kept in here in Qing.

Clepsydra (Water clock) The main mechanism of the water clock consists of three copper containers filled with water. Water drips from the top container to containers below in turn. The amount of water collected at the bottom is used to tell the time.

Hall of Earthly Tranquillity 坤寧宫 The last of the Inner Court halls. In Ming, there were two bedrooms, use as the sleeping quarter of the emperors. It was converted in Qing into two studies. The Hall was changed became the most Manchu characteristic of all palaces, including kitchen and offering altars for the gods. 11m lower and 1000m smaller than Supreme Harmony.

Hall of Earthly Tranquillity 坤寧宫 In Ming Dynasty, the building was used as the residence of the empress. In Qing it was converted into several rooms and set out in Manchurian style for religious services. The building included a kitchen for preparing food for worship. It also has a bridal room and a study for the emperor.

養心殿 Hall of Mental Cultivation The Qing emperor Yongzhen 雍正 moved the emperor residence here. The empress Dowager Cixi 慈禧 (reign 1861-1908) used the place to received state officials and ruled China. Hall of Mental Cultivation 養心殿

養心殿 Hall of Mental Cultivation The main reception room where later Qing emperors attended state affairs.

養心殿 Hall of Mental Cultivation This is the Cixi 慈禧 throne room. Behind the screen of the throne was another throne, on which the Dowager Empress ruled China.

養心殿 Hall of Mental Cultivation This was the emperor’s bedroom behind the reception room of the Hall of Mental Cultivation.

Imperial Garden 御花園 There are four gardens in the Inner Court of the palace. The Imperial Garden being the largest of them all. A giant incense burner in the garden.

Imperial Garden Pavilion of Imperial Prospect overlooking the garden. 御景亭 御花園

Imperial Garden 御花園 Studio of Spiritual Cultivation. 養性齋

Imperial Gardens 御花園 This is the First Gate of Heaven 天一門 .

Court Life To maintain the palace during the Qing Dynasty, 280,000 taels of silver were needed each year or approximately 340,000 troy ounces of silver. To maintain the palace during the Qing Dynasty, 280,000 taels of silver were needed each year. They came from taxes and royal estate rents. During the Ming Dynasty, 9,000 ladies-in-waiting and 100,000 eunuchs served here. Last emperor and empress of China. Emperor Qianlong watching princes playing in snow.

Theatre – Pavillion of Pleasant Sounds, 暢音閣. The largest stage of the three stories theatre in the palace.

Painted decorations Suzhou style polychrome painted decorations Painted beams and brackets

Bronze Animal sculptures Bronze lion at the Gate of Supreme Harmony. Gilt bronze lion. Gilt bronze elephant in the garden. Bronze tortoise incense burner.

Doors decorations Carved panel on the doors at the Hall of Imperial Supremacy Hall of Union. Gate of Martial Spirit. Hall of Mental Cultivation

Qugong Museum The Forbidden City is also the home to the Palace Museum, Beijing.

The End Music – Flying Dragons and Jumping Tiger 龍騰虎跃 composed by Li Minxiong 李民進 and performed by Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra. Advance to next slide to see brief notes on Chinese architecture.

Chinese Traditional Palatial (Dian 殿 ) Architecture Chinese architecture uses modular architectural plan. Buildings are connected by corridors or unified by courtyards. Buildings are not integrated to form a larger building. Using timber as primary building material, this is the most important single characteristics of Chinese architectural approach. Transportation costs can be very high. Using timber also put a limit on the size, the height and the age of buildings. The availability of large hard wood timber is also a limitation. Chinese Dian buildings are based on a timber frame. The walls of the buildings are not weight bearing. This allows more light and airy interior. Buildings are cool in summer but difficult to keep warm in winter. Buildings are inherent ‘earthquake proof’. To give the timber frame strength, interlocking joints were developed to a very high level of sophistication. This can be seen in the Dougong bracketing techniques. The basic principles and architectural design did not changed much for centuries. Imperial Place began in 1406. But the general layout stayed unchanged. The private apartments have been turned into a museum. It is the world’s largest surviving palace complex. Architectural techniques in China has not changed for centuries. Chinese buildings are very colourful and timber does not preserved well. The maintenance costs are very high. Finally Chinese buildings are very vulnerable to fire. The Hall of Supreme Harmony was rebuilt 7 times, in 500 years.

Timeline Imperial Place began in 1406. But the general layout stayed unchanged. The private apartments have been turned into a museum. It is the world’s largest surviving palace complex.

The End Carved dragon on wooden screen behind the throne.