The Consolidation of Latin America Stearns 25

¿Quien Es Su Padré? 18th Century Western Enlightenment Faith in progress Reform Representational/constitutional government BUT a different colonial experience, so…

Colonial Baggage Centralized colonial governments No tradition of participation Political, economic, and social dependency Extreme class divisions Based on birth Race Location Very little opportunity for mobility

Sociedad de las Castas Four major categories But it’s not that simple… Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Indian and African But it’s not that simple…

Wait, What?

ODM! (Oh, Dios Mio)

¡Viva la Revolucíon! Four key external events Internal Problems American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution French conquest of Spain Internal Problems Creole grievances Glass ceiling Resent new taxes, trade restrictions, and reforms Liberal but not radical

Multiple Rebellions Mexico, 1821 United Provinces of Central America, 1823-1839 Spanish South America Gran Columbia, 1819-1830 Peru Rio de la Plata Attempts at monarchy fail; all become republics Cuba and Puerto Rico remain loyal

Mexico Father Miguel de Hidalgo allies with mestizos Creoles distrust mestizos; fear social revolution Augustíne Iturbide, military leader, emperor 1821 1824 Republic

United Provinces of Central America Originally part of Mexico Brief union; split into parts 1838

Gran Columbia Simon Bolivar Breaks up into Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador

Rio de la Plata José de San Martín Resent trade restrictions Buenos Aires (Argentina) Paraguay, Uruguay, Upper Peru (Bolivia)

Peru Older and more conservative Royalists defeated in 1824

Brazil Conservative: Equal status to Portugal until Napoleon defeated “Men established in goods and property were unwilling to risk political change. Hosted Portuguese royal family during Napoleonic wars Equal status to Portugal until Napoleon defeated Dom Pedro I becomes constitutional emperor, 1822 King’s son Existing social order and slavery preserved Contrast with Spanish republics

Old and New Problems Power of Roman Catholic Church Slavery Treatment of Indians and mestizos Limited franchise Social status of women Regional fragmentation (18 new countries)

Politics Local strongmen, caudillos Conservatives (centralists) v. Liberals (federalists) Longstanding instability Ruling class distrust of the peasantry

Economies Free trade supported by Britain and the United States Source of raw materials Market for manufactured goods Monroe Doctrine Wealth and prestige tied to land ownership Consequences of political instability Lack of investment capital Disruption to mining industry Underdeveloped infratructure Economic growth in late 19th century Britain, Germany, United States lead demand for raw materials But export economy places much industry under foreign control

Focus on Mexico Federalist constitution, 1824 Liberal reform issues: Issue of land distribution , poverty, lack of education Conservative reaction: Antonio López de Santa Anna Undoes liberal reforms of 1830s Loses Texas and U.S. Mexican War Benito Juárez Indian lawyer New constitution, 1857 Limits Church power Land reforms hijacked by speculators Liberal reforms lead to conservative reaction (ebb and flow)—French intervention Defeats Maximilian von Habsburg Becomes autocratic leader—Mexico’s pattern for most of 20th Century Porfirio Díaz, 1876 Strong central government that suppressed opposition Corrupt elections alienates middle class Civil war, 1910-1920

Focus on Argentina Two economies Commerce in Buenos Aires Ranching and agriculture in the Pampas Conflict between strong central government and local autonomy; regionalism Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia separate Juan Manuel de Rosas Populist authoritarian Overthrown by liberals and regional caudillos, 1852 Ultimate political stability and reforms between 1862 and 1890 Leads to foreign investment Population triples; immigration from Europe Sound infrastructure Unlike Mexico, ruling oligarchy allies with middle class Like Mexico, suppress labor and rural unrest.

Social and Cultural Issues Dilemma: European or American? Elite more European Common folk not so much 1830s: Romanticism appeals to Indians and local customs 1870s: Positivism influences art, literature, social outlook Patriarchal patterns for women Change and new opportunities emerge slowly Slaves and Indians see little progress White, Creole elite still in charge

Brazilian Empire Similar pattern of central power v. regional strength Stability after 1850 leads to increased prosperity Urban, middle-class groups emerge Slavery less important Slavery abolished, 1888. Influence of positivism Monarchy replaced with Republic, 1889 Like Spanish Latin America, many social and political issues unresolved

American Intervention Spanish-American War, 1898 Push Spanish out of last strongholds Panama Canal Bully Columbia Banana Republics

Summation Social, political, and economic issues remain despite political independence Dependent economies and underdevelopment Limited attempts to emulate the West Spanish bully replaced with Uncle Sam