Latin American Revolutions

New Ideas Brewing in Europe

Quick Review… How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment? How did the Enlightenment lead to the French Revolution? How do you think the American Revolution & French Revolution are going to lead to revolutions in Latin America?

Characteristics of the Colonial System Colonial governments mirrored the home governments: Colonies had viceroys that mirrored kings and the class systems back in home countries (see Rigid Class Structure) Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies Many people converted to Catholicism Missions aided natives and led to their conversion A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export Gold Silver

Latin American Social Structure Viceroys/Peninsulares officers appointed by Spanish or Portuguese government Creoles = Europeans (whites) born in the colonies Mestizos = Mixed Native/White Mulatto= Mixed African/White

Creole Discontent

Inspiration of American & French Revolutions Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789 Declaration of Independence, 1776

Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

Haiti

Toussaint L’Ouverture Leads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)

Haiti and Toussaint L’Ouverture L’Ouverture’ s contributions led to the development of an independent Haiti. L’Ouverture was a former slave who led the Haitian rebellion against the French. Spain and Britain sent troops to help out the French troops in Haiti, but L’Ouverture and his army defeated them! Europeans were distracted by Napoleon

WHII.7c. Here are two types of media you can watch or investigate to learn about Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar. The Movie, The Last Days of Toussaint L'Ouverture- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31DPMa7olT4 Paintings at- http://www.a-r-t.com/lawrence/LouvertureWeb/index.htm#portfolio http://www.a-r-t.com/lawrence/LouvertureWeb/index.htm#portfolio

Mexico Mexico was under Spanish rule, but by 1810 an independence had begun led Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest He rallied Indian and mestizo followers to march, but was killed In 1821, a revolution in Spain allowed creoles to declare their independence; 1823 Mexico declared democratic republic

Northern South America

South America and Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar helped liberate the northern areas of South America. Bolivia is named after him. He wanted to unite many of the countries in South America to make it look like the United States, but there were too many differences in the regions. He was called the George Washington of South America.

WHII.7c. News story about what caused the death of Simon Bolivar: http://www.a-r-t.com/lawrence/LouvertureWeb/index.htm#portfolio http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/7690928/Simon-Bolivar-died-of-arsenic-poisoning.html If he was the liberator of South America, why would he have faced assassination attempts? Why would Hugo Chavez, in 2010, care about how Bolivar died? Should we seek the truth to his death if doing so could create tensions?

Simon Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela. Most revolutionaries in Latin America were creoles Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

The “Muscle” of the Revolution Bolivar coming from the North. The “Muscle” of the Revolution José de St. Martín crosses the Andes Mountains.

Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

Bolivar’s Accomplishment

Bolivar’s Accomplishments After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America. He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

Brazil Freed from Portugal The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil. Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal. Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

The Monroe Doctrine After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America. The Monroe Doctrine was issued to alert European powers that the American continents should not be considered for any future colonization. This is still a cornerstone to American foreign policy.

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823. • Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. • The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

U. S. Global Investments in 1914