Bell Ringer 1-25-16 Get out a blank sheet of paper. Or six. Pick up a copy of the Chapter 17 Reading Guide Pick up a copy of the Chapter 17 Map Assignment which may or may not be titled

Hook https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQP A5oNpfM4 He speaks quickly, so pay close attention

Lesson Objective What are we learning? Why is it important? Explain the changes caused by the Columbian Exchange, the political, economic, and social institutions that resulted from it. Why is it important? Pizza. Do I need any other reason? How will I know when I’ve learned it? When you can correctly answer all the DOL questions How does it connect to my life? …Pizza. Also interconnected global economies.

The Diversity of American Colonial Societies 1530-1770

The Columbian Exchange

Demographic Changes** Peoples of the New World lacked immunity to diseases: smallpox, measles, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever, and maybe pulmonary plague caused severe declines in the native population

Demographic Changes** Similar patterns of contagion and mortality may be observed in the English and French colonies of North America. Europeans did not use disease as a tool of the empire, but the spread of Old World diseases clearly undermined the ability of native peoples to resist settlement and accelerated cultural change.

Transfer of Plants and Animals European, Asian, and African food crops were introduced to the Americas, while American crops, including maize, beans, potatoes, manioc, and tobacco, were brought to the Eastern Hemisphere. The introduction of New World food crops is thought to be one factor contributing to the rapid growth in world population after 1700.

Transfer of Plants and Animals The introduction of European livestock such as cattle, pigs, horses, and sheep had a dramatic influence on the environment and on the cultures of the native people of the Americas.

Transfer of Plants and Animals Old World livestock destroyed the crops of some Amerindian farmers. Other Amerindians benefited from the introduction of cattle, sheep, and horses.

The Columbian Exchange In this painting, an Amerindian woman milks a cow, which suggests how the Columbian Exchange altered native culture and environment.

Free Response Describe the major elements of the Columbian Exchange and how it affected both Amerindians and Europeans.

Free Response Transfer of diseases, plants, animals Not one-sided Diseases reduced Amerindian populations (assisting European conquest) Europeans brought home Amerindian diseases Diversified Amerindian diets Sugar cane exploited labor Amerindian crops gave new foods to Europeans

Spanish America and Brazil

State and Church The Spanish crown tried to exert control over its American colonies, but communication between Spain and the New World led to a situation in which the viceroys of New Spain and Peru and their subordinates having a substantial degree of power.

State and Church After some years of neglect and mismanagement, the Portuguese in 1720 appointed a viceroy to administer Brazil.

State and Church The governmental institutions established by Spain and Portugal were highly developed, costly bureaucracies that thwarted local economic initiative and political experimentation.

State and Church Catholic Church played a large role in transferring European language, culture, and Christian beliefs to the New World. Priests converted a large number of Amerindians, but some of them still secretly held on to their beliefs.

State and Church Catholic clergy also acted as protectors for the Amerindians from exploitation. Bartolome de Las Casas denounced Spanish policy toward Amerindians. He worked through legal reforms such as the New Laws of 1542.

State and Church Catholic missionaries were frustrated by the way Amerindians mixed Catholicism with their original beliefs, so they began founding universities and secondary schools which heavily influenced the intellectual and economic life of the colonies.

Free Response What role did religion play in European settlement of the Americas?

Free Response Catholic Church assimilating Amerindian peoples Conversion was a strong motivation for colonization

Colonial Economies Dominated by silver mines of Peru and Mexico and by the sugar plantations of Brazil, which led to a dependence on mineral and agricultural exports

Colonial Economies Spanish colonies were dominated by the silver mines of Alto Peru in Bolivia and Peru until 1680, and then by the silver mines of Mexico. Silver mining and processing caused environmental damage as well as mercury poisoning

Colonial Economies In the agricultural economy that dominated Spanish America until the 1540s, the encomienda system of forced labor exploited Amerindians. New systems of labor exploitation were devised to help with mining: in Mexico, free-wage labor, and in Peru, the mita.

Colonial Economies Under the mita system, one-seventh of adult male Amerindians were drafted for forced labor at less than subsistence wages for two to four months of the year. The mita system undermined the traditional agricultural economy, weakened Amerindians village life, and promoted the assimilation of Amerindians into Spanish colonial society.

Colonial Economies The Portuguese developed the African slave-labor sugar plantation system in the Atlantic islands and then set up similar plantations in Brazil. The Brazilian plantations at first used Amerindians slaves and then the more expensive but more productive (and more disease resistant) African slaves.

Colonial Economies Sugar and silver played important roles in integrating the American colonial economies into the system of world trade.

Free Response What forms of labor organization developed in the various New World colonies?

Free Response Indentured servitude Encomienda Mita Slavery

Society in Colonial Latin America Elite of Spanish America consisted of Spanish immigrants and their American- born descendants (Creoles). The Spanish-born dominated the highest levels of government, church, and business, while the Creoles controlled agriculture and mining.

Society in Colonial Latin America People of African descent played roles within the colonies. Slaves and free blacks participated in the settlement of Spanish America; later, the direct slave trade in Africa led to the decline in the legal status of blacks in the Spanish colonies.

Society in Colonial Latin America At first, Africans retained their different cultural identities, but with time, they blended together. Slave resistance, including rebellions, was always brought under control, but runaway slaves occasionally formed groups that defended themselves for years.

Society in Colonial Latin America Most slaves were engaged in agricultural labor and were forced to submit to harsh discipline and brutal punishments. The overwhelming preponderance of males made it impossible for slaves to preserve traditional African family and marriage patterns

Society in Colonial Latin America In colonial Brazil, Portuguese immigrants controlled politics and the economy, but by the early seventeenth century, Africans and their American- born descendants, both slave and free, were the largest ethnic group.

Society in Colonial Latin America Growing population of individuals with mixed European and Amerindian descent (mestizos) and European and African descent (mulattos) and mixed African and Amerindian descent were known collectively as castas.

English and French Colonies in North America

Early English Experiments Attempts to establish colonies in the late 1500s ended in failure. In the 1600s, the successful colonization of Ireland and the hope that colonies would be profitable investments led to a new wave of interest in establish colonies in the New World.

The South The Virginia Company established the colony of Jamestown on an unhealthy island in the James River in 1606. After the English Crown took over management of the colony, Virginia developed as a tobacco plantation economy with a dispersed population and no city of any significant size.

The South Initially, the plantations relied on indentured servants for labor. As life expectancy increased, planters came to prefer to invest in slaves.

The South Virginia was administered by a Crown- appointed governor and by representatives of towns meeting together as the House of Burgesses.

The South Colonists in the Carolinas first prospered in the fur trade with Amerindian deer- hunters. This led to environmental distress due to overhunting, Amerindian dependence on European goods, and attacks on English colonists by the Amerindians in the early 1700s.

The South Southern part of the Carolinas was settled by planters from Barbados and developed a slave-labor plantation economy, producing rice and indigo. Enslaved Africans and their dependents formed the majority population and developed their own cultures; a slave uprising (The Stono Rebellion) led to more repressive policies toward slaves.

The South Colonial South Carolina was the most hierarchical society in British North America. A wealthy planter class dominated a population of small farmers, merchants, cattle ranchers, artisans, and fur-traders who, in turn, stood above the people of mixed English-Amerindian or English- African background and slaves.

New England The Pilgrims, who wanted to break completely with the Church of England, established the small Plymouth colony in 1620. The Puritans, who wanted only to reform the Church of England, formed a chartered joint-stock company (the Massachusetts Bay Company) and established the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630.

New England The Massachusetts Bay Colony had a normal gender balance, saw a rapid increase in population, was more homogenous and less hierarchical than southern society. The political institutions of the colony were derived from the terms of its charter and included an elected governor and in 1650, a lower legislative house.

New England Without the soil or climate to produce cash crops, the Massachusetts economy evolved from dependence on fur, forest products, and fish to a dependence on commerce and shipping. Merchants engaged in diversified trade across the Atlantic, which made Boston the largest city in British North America by 1740.

The Middle Atlantic Region Manhattan Island is first colonized by the Dutch and then taken by the English and renamed New York. It became a commercial and shipping center; particularly beneficial was its position as an outlet for the export of grain to the Caribbean and southern Europe.

The Middle Atlantic Region Pennsylvania was first developed a colony for Quakers but soon developed into a wealthy grain-exporting colony with Philadelphia as its major commercial city. Pennsylvania’s grain was produced by free family farmers, including a substantial number of Germans.

Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

French America Patterns of French settlement closely followed that of Spain and Portugal; committed to missionary work, emphasized the extraction of natural resources (furs). French expansion was driven by the fur trade, resulting in the depletion of beaver and deer population and leading to Amerindian dependence on European goods.

French America The fur trade provided Amerindians with firearms, which increased the violence of the wars that they fought over control of hunting grounds.

French America Catholic missionaries attempted to convert the Amerindian population of French America, but were met with resistance. They therefore turned their attention to the colonies. These settlements were small and grew slowly. This pattern allowed Amerindians in French territory to be somewhat more independent than those in British, Spanish, or Portuguese settlements.

French America The French expanded aggressively to the west and south, which led to war with England. The French were defeated in 1759 and were forced to give Canada to the English and cede Louisiana to Spain.

Colonial Expansion and Conflict

Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil After 1713, the Bourbon dynasty in control of Spain undertook a series of administrative reforms: expanded intercolonial trading, new commercial monopolies, and a stronger navy

Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil Both Portuguese and Spain felt threatened by the presence of the Jesuits and expelled them from the American colonies.

Reform and Reorganization of British America In the latter half of the 17th century, the British attempted to control smuggling and manufacturing by passing a series of Navigation Acts and by suspending the elected assemblies of the New England colonies. Colonists resisted by overthrowing the governors of New York and Massachusetts and by removing the Catholic proprietor of Maryland, thus setting the stge for future confrontational politics.

Reform and Reorganization of British America During the 18th century, economic growth was accompanied by increased urbanization and a more stratified social structure.

Conclusion

Political and Economic Comparisons Amerindians in the colonies of Spain, Portugal, France, and England all experienced European subjugation. Of the Catholic powers of Spain, Portugal, and France, Spain gained the most wealth and developed the most centralized control. British colonial governments were more likely to develop according to local interests.

Environmental and Cultural Comparisons The environments in all colonies underwent change. All lost natural resources to European markets. The Catholic nations forced more cultural uniformity on their colonies than Britain did. The British colonies welcomed a much large influx of European migrants than did the other New World colonies.