1450-1750 Global interactions

Communication & trade goes global! For the first time since the Ice Age, Eastern and Western hemispheres were connected Old trade routes continued, but by the end of this time period the Europeans dominated, to differing degrees, most of the global trade networks Trading systems changed as commodities circled the globe Massive amounts of people were affected by disease, new food products, spread of religion, and migrations (forced or willing)

What do I need to know? Portugal & Spain Portugal made caravel ships, astrolabes, and a school of navigation. They were the first European country to establish sea routes around Africa and to the East. A trading empire with W. Africa & the Indian Ocean developed Spain’s monarchs sponsored Columbus’ voyages and later trips to the Americas & Pacific

What do I need to know? Chinese exploration and oceania Zheng He made 7 voyages into the Indian Ocean to enhance Ming China’s prestige It quickly ended after his death NO CONQUESTS! Tribute visits only! Oceania & Polynesia were little affected by European & Chinese voyages

What do I need to know? America-european relationship American silver was taken by the Spanish and sent to China, via the Ottoman Empire! European mercantilism exploited resources and colonies European joint-stock companies were created to intensify competition in global trade The Atlantic System mixed African, European & American goods and peoples

What do I need to know? Columbian exchange Smallpox, measles, and flu come to the Americas Mosquitos and rats do too! Horses & pigs come to the Americas African slaves bring okra & rice Staple crops like potatoes & maize were exported to Europe & the Middle East Population increase! Cash crops like sugar & tobacco were grown on plantations with forced labor

What do I need to know? religion Sunni-Shi’ite divisions intensified in the Middle East, Sufi practices increased as a response The Reformation changed Christianity in Europe Buddhism continues to spread into Korea & Japan Sikhism develops in India as a syncretic blend of Islam & Hinduism (thanks to Delhi & Mughal rulers)

What do I need to know? RENAISSANCE The Renaissance was an innovative time for artistic expression Literacy expanded with the printing press and expanded cultural diffusion More popular literature emerges such as Shakespeare’s plays & sonnets & the griots’ tale of Mali’s Sundiata

What do I need to know? Slavery & Labor systems Peasant labor intensified in places like Russia and India Slavery in Africa was not just about slave trade to the Americas…domestic slaves & soldier slaves were still very common in East Africa Coerced labor characterized the Americas Chattel slavery Indentured servitude Encomienda system (Spanish system) Mita system (Spanish system) Engenho (Portuguese system)

What do I need to know? Poli-economic systems New political and economic elites emerge: Creoles in New Spain Gentry & Bourgeoisie in W. Europe Existing elites found it more difficult to influence monarchs & leaders and therefore declined in power Nobles in W. Europe Daimyo in Japan

What do I need to know? Social Structures Families and gender roles changed Men were removed from Africa during the slave trade European men took SE Asian wives as they conducted trade in the Indian Ocean European family size decreased Migrations of peoples resulted in new ethnic & racial groups (mestizo, creole, mulatto)

What do I need to know? State building States consolidated and Empires expanded Rulers used the arts and religious ideas to legitimize their rule “divine right of kings” in Europe Aztec use of human sacrifice Forbidden City

What do I need to know? STATE bUILDING States treated different ethnic and religious groups within the state in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge authority. Ex. Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire Manchu use of Chinese peasant labor

What do I need to know? gOVERNMENT Bureaucratic elites & military professionals are commonly used to help control resources and populations. Ottoman devshirme (janissary corps) Civil service exams in Manchu China Tribute collection and tax farming generate revenue for territorial expansion. Aztec tributes Ottoman tax farming (this doesn’t mean literally growing taxes!)

What do I need to know? Land based empires Land-Based “Gunpowder” Empires Manchu (Qing) China Mughal India (Islamic rulers over Hindu populations) Ottomans (Sunni Muslims) Tsarist Russia

What do I need to know? Maritime EMpires European Maritime Empires in the Americas: Portuguese (Brazil) Spanish (S. America, Mesoamerica, Caribbean, western N. America) Dutch (Caribbean, New Amsterdam) French (Canada, Mississippi River) British (Atlantic seaboard of N. America)

What do I need to know? CONFLICTS There was competition over trade routes that challenged state expansion Pirates in the Caribbean Ottoman/European rivalry in the Indian Ocean Neighboring states rivaled each other Thirty Years War in Europe Sunni Ottomans fight Shi’ite Safavids Local Resistance movements challenged states Peasant uprisings in Russia