Human Nutrition and Health Option A

Components of the human diet

A1.1 Define nutrient = a chemical substance found in foods that is used in the human body. Nutrients Nutrients are chemicals found in food that the body needs to function. Given the right raw materials, the human body can manufacture many useful chemicals from breaking down and reassembling other chemicals. Essential nutrients are ones that the body cannot manufacture. Therefore we have to eat them regularly.

Questions Research and answer these questions in full sentences: A1.2 List the type of nutrients that are essential in the human diet A1.3 State that non-essential amino acids can be synthesized in the body from other nutrients. Questions Research and answer these questions in full sentences: What are nutrients? What are essential nutrients? Give 2 examples of essential amino acids Give 2 examples of essential fatty acids Give 2 examples of essential minerals Give 2 examples of essential Vitamins Why is water so important in the diet? What are non-essential amino acids? Give 2 examples.

A1.4 Outline the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition. There are 3 main kinds of malnutrition all can lead to health problems: Not enough food Too much food Not the right type of food

A1.4 Outline the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition. Kwashiorkor These children are suffering from Kwashiorkor – protein deficiency. Explain why they have swollen abdomens.

A1.5 Explain the causes and consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU) and how early diagnosis and special diet can reduce the consequences. PKU Research and answer the following questions in detail and in full sentences: What causes PKU? What enzyme are sufferers of PKU unable to produce? What are the consequences of this (explain in full)? How can PKU be controlled by early diagnosis? How can PKU be controlled by diet?

A1.6 Outline the variation in the molecular structure of fatty acids. Copy and complete this table to outline the differences between the different structures of fatty acids: Name Diagram of structure Description of structure Foods that contain them Health implications Saturated fatty acids Cis unsaturated fatty acids Trans unsaturated fatty acids Mono unsaturated fatty acids Poly unsaturated fatty acids Try these website for help: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=532 http://lowfatcooking.about.com/od/lowfatbasics/a/fats1004.htm

Fat diets across the world A1.7 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in the different types of fatty acid. Fat diets across the world What is hydrogenation? Why is it done? HDL stands for High Density Lipoproteins (often called “good cholesterol). LDL stands for Low Density Lipoproteins (“bad cholesterol). Using this information, explain why hydrogenation is thought to be bad for health. How does eating a diet rich in olive oil help reduce the levels of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in Mediterranean populations? Give 3 examples of fatty, cold-water fish. What useful substances do they contain? What health benefits might this account for? http://www.ific.org/foodinsight/2005/jf/fatconsfi105.cfm?renderforprint=1

Fat diets across the world: Additional Information A1.7 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in the different types of fatty acid. Fat diets across the world: Additional Information Using the food insight resource add to your notes by answering: What other than olive oil in the Mediterranean diet that might help reduce CHD? How does this protect cells from damage? List the other benefits of monounsaturated fats Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids also help reduce CHD, what additional benefits might they have? How can you tell that it is not just Japanese genetics that gives them these health benefits? http://www.ific.org/foodinsight/2005/jf/fatconsfi105.cfm?renderforprint=1

Fat diets across the world: Mediterranean diets A1.7 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in the different types of fatty acid. Fat diets across the world: Mediterranean diets How does eating a diet rich in olive oil help reduce the levels of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in Mediterranean populations? What else is in the Mediterranean diet that might help reduce CHD? How does the article say they protect cells from damage? What are the other benefits of MUFA?

Fat diets across the world: Eskimo and Japanese diets A1.7 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in the different types of fatty acid. Fat diets across the world: Eskimo and Japanese diets Give 3 examples of fatty, cold-water fish. What useful substances do they contain? What health benefits might this account for? How can you tell that it is not just Japanese genetics that gives them these health benefits? What study led experts in the US to define a weekly consumption of 1-2 servings of fish as consistent with good health?

Fat diets across the world: Analysing the studies A1.7 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in the different types of fatty acid. Fat diets across the world: Analysing the studies Summarise the other dietary components and non-dietary factors that contribute to the health and well-being of the Mediterranean and Japanese ethnic groups. Do you think there is enough evidence to support the claims made by the studies in the Mediterranean and Japan? Look at this website before you answer! http://www.stop-trans-fat.com/benefits-of-saturated_fats.html

A1.8 Vitamins and Minerals Distinguish between the chemical structure of Vitamins and Minerals – use Page 194 of your text book. What does RDI stand for? What is the older method for calculating RDI? What is the more modern method?

Vitamin C A1.10 Read this website and your text book P 194 – 5. What is the Vitamin C deficiency disease? Discuss how to cure it. What is the difference between RDI, RDA and DRI? How much Vitamin C is needed to “saturate” the body? What happens to any excess? The RDA of Vitamin C has changed over the years (see fig 1208 on p 195 of your text book). Why? What are the benefits and dangers / adverse effects of taking more than the RDI of Vitamin C? (Give details) Read the TOK section on P 195 of your text book. Give your response to the question asked. http://www.healthyeatingclub.com/info/books-phds/books/foodfacts/html/data/data4i.html

Vitamin D A1.11 Property Answer Soluble in Needed for Where it is made What else is needed to make it Foods that contain it Deficiency disease in children Name: Description: Deficiency diseases in adults Names: Issues surrounding getting sufficient Vitamin D to avoid deficiency disease

A1.12 IB question Answer this past paper question with regard to sunlight and Vitamin D deficiency: Suggest how environmental conditions cause malnutrition [2] N04/4/BIOLO/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

A1.13 Dietary supplements Iodine is an essential mineral in the diet. In many parts of the world children show symptoms of iodine deficiency. Find out the answers to these questions: How is iodine used in the human body? What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency? What would be the benefits of dietary supplementation with iodine? Would it be feasible to develop a world wide programme of dietary iodine supplementation? Are there other mineral deficiencies that are widespread causes of malnutrition?

IB Question A1.14 Discuss the importance of fibre in the diet. [3] M05/4/BIOLO/SP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+

Energy in Human diets A2

A2.1 IB Question This question is taken from the specimen paper for 2008! You don’t get more up to date than this! Use P 197 in your text book to answer it.

A2.2 Energy and Ethnicity “Staple” foods are eaten in bulk to provide energy. Different cultures have different staple foods due to availability, cultural preferences and traditions. Make a poster showing different staple foods from around the world and the cultures that eat them.

Health consequences of diet Rearrange this table so the information it shows is correct: Diet contains lots of… Health consequences Fat Makes you feel full faster and for longer. Can also be used for energy if necessary although this does require the kidneys to excrete more urea which could damage them. Protein Provides lots of energy which is beneficial before a big sporting event. Excess can be turned into fat causing obesity. Carbohydrate Contains lots of energy which could cause obesity. Also linked to cancer of the colon.

A2.4 Appetite control Copy and complete the flow chart on the next slide to explain how appetite is controlled in the brain Add annotations to explain what happens when parts of this system stop working.

A2.4 Start eating Stop eating _______ Gene creates leptin in _______ tissue Hormones from ___________ and __________ travel via the blood to the… __________ tissue sends ________ to the brain to tell it________ ______________________________________ The ______ _______ _______ in the ________ in the brain detects that no more food needs to be eaten. Stop eating

A2.5 -6 Body Mass Index Do a survey of your friends and family and work out their BMI. (Ask permission first!). Present this in your portfolio showing the calculations you did (including the equation). Classify your subjects as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese using the BMI categories in the text book. Add the people on the next page into your survey: Do at least 2 people that you know – one can be yourself!

BMI A2.5 -6 Name Mass (kg) Height (m) Sarah 70 1.4 John 60 1.85 Nguyen 67 1.5 Anh 63 1.7

Why is obesity increasing? Suggest and explain 4 reasons for the data shown in this table. Use Syllabus statement A.2.7 to guide you. Gender % obese 1966 - 70 % obese 1988 - 91 Boys 5 13 Girls 9

A2.8 Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a disease with psychological causes. Someone who has anorexia becomes chronically underweight because they do not eat enough food even if plenty is available. What are the physiological consequences (effects on the body) of anorexia in relation to: Muscle mass? Hair growth? Blood pressure? Fertility? Menstruation? Dental health?

Anorexia nervosa What are the consequences for the family and friends of someone who develops anorexia? Read this article: http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_beauty.cfm What are your views on magazines using young ultra thin models for advertising? Is it acceptable? What could the consequences be? How can we build a society where healthy body shape is valued?

Special issues in human nutrition

Breast feeding Design a leaflet to persuade new mothers to breastfeed their babies rather than use formula (artificial) milk. It should include: The difference between breast and artificial milk The benefits of breast feeding Reassurance that breast feeding in public is acceptable This should be a biased piece of writing!

Breastfeeding 2 Read the article on this website: http://www.breastfeeding.com/advocacy/advocacy_boycott.html Explain as fully as you can the reasons why someone may boycott buying Nestle products. Are you convinced to boycott Nestle??

Breast feeding 3 Remember – breastfeeding doesn’t work out for every mother! Read this article for a (slightly) less biased view!) http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/breast_bottle_feeding.html

Diabetes The cause and treatment of Diabetes is covered in the core syllabus in sections 6.5.11 and 6.5.12. Year 13 – you should have already covered this! Year 12 – you may like to read P 112 – 113 in your text book to get an overview. Briefly outline the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes (you do not have to give any details of the cause or treatment).

Type II Diabetes Read P 201 in your text book and answer these questions: What has happened to the incidence of Type II diabetes in America since 1997? What are the causes for this? What are the symptoms of Type II diabetes? What dietary advice is given to people with Type II diabetes?

To Meat or not to Meat Explain why some people prefer not to eat animals or animal products.

Cholesterol and heart disease Read P 202 in your book What is cholesterol? What is cholesterol needed for? Explain how cholesterol can cause a heart attack or stroke. Explain the change in thinking about the relationship between dietary cholesterol and serum (blood) cholesterol. How is cholesterol transported in the blood? Complete the diagrams on the next two slides.

Transport of cholesterol Transported by __________ (good cholesterol) Cholesterol in blood Liver Cholesterol broken down Can be increased by: E__________ Not s__________ W________ loss Omega 3, _________________________ A diet containing a lot of _________ and limited amounts of _______. Moderate use of a__________??? (not proven!)

Transport of cholesterol Transported by __________ (bad cholesterol) Cholesterol in blood Liver Cholesterol can cause plaques Can be increased by: No E__________ S__________ Putting on w________ trans _________________ A diet containing too little _________ and lots of _______.

Food miles Read the article on this website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/food_matters/foodmiles.shtml Discuss the concept of food miles and the reasons for consumers choosing foods to minimize food miles Other useful websites: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/mar/23/food.ethicalliving http://www.sustainabletable.org/shop/

Checklist for your portfolio Questions on nutrients from slide 7 Explanation of Kwashiorkor from slide 9 Research and questions from slide 10 on PKU Completed table on fatty acids from slide 11 Questions from slides 12 – 15 on fat diets across the world (using the website) Questions on vitamins and minerals from slide 16 Questions on Vitamin C from slide 17 using website Completed table on Vitamin D from slide 18 and answer the past paper question on slide 19.

Checklist for your portfolio Answer the questions on iodine supplementation from slide 20 Answer the IB question on fibre from slide 21 Answer the IB question on energy content of food from slide 23 Make a poster to show different staple diets (slide 24) Rearrange the table from slide 25 Copy and complete the flow chart from slide 27 adding annotations. Write up your survey and results showing your BMI calculations.

Checklist for your portfolio Answer the questions on the causes of obesity from slide 30 Research anorexia nervosa and answer the questions on slides 31 – 32. Design the leaflet from slide 34. Explain why people boycott Nestle products (slide 35). OUTLINE the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes (one or two sentences!) Answer the questions on slide 38 on diabetes Answer the question on slide 39

Checklist for your portfolio Answer the questions on cholesterol on slide 40 and fill in the diagrams on slides 41 – 42. Read the website article from slide 43 and answer the question. Check through your work and make sure you have added all your references into your bibliography. RELAX!! Due in on February 3rd (Year 12)