Regeneration - Enquiry Question 3 How regeneration is managed? 4A.7 UK government policy decisions play a key role in regeneration. Infrastructure investment (high speed rail, airport development) in order to maintain growth and improve accessibility to regenerate regions. (P: national government facilitate regeneration often in partnerships with charities and developers) Rate and type of development (planning laws, house building targets, housing affordability, permission for 'fracking') affecting economic regeneration of both rural and urban regions. (A: Government actions may prioritise national over local needs and opinions.) UK government decisions about international migration and the deregulation of capital markets ( enabling foreign investment in prime London real estate) have significant impacts on the potential for growth and both direct and indirect investment. (P: Government may create open or closed doors policies)

Regeneration - The Role of national government: Infrastructure By the end of this lesson you will have: Learnt how the role of the national government is pivotal in successful regeneration schemes Explored how investment into infrastructure is a key way in regenerating a place Have looked at examples of HS2 and Manchester Airport as examples of infrastructure development

1 2 3 Starter – Think, Pair, Share Northumberland Norfolk Cornwall None of the three have a motorway Which three counties are highlighted below? And what is the common trend between the three?

Learning Outcomes EQ3: How is regeneration managed? Content By the end of the lesson you will be able to give examples of how government investment in the form of infrastructure investment helps maintain UK economical growth, and helps regenerate regions. Process You will do this by reading a range of articles and presenting your findings in an evaluatory cost benefit analysis. Key Terms Infrastructure Rebranding Re-imaging Northern Powerhouse

Infrastructure: the basic physical and organisational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society. Rebranding: creating a new look or reputation for an area, often relaying on an area’s industrial pas; altering the feel and attitude people have towards it. Re-imaging: Part of a regeneration strategy by changing the image or name of a place and therefore how people view it, e.g. renaming Saigon as Ho Chi Minh City Northern Powerhouse: a proposal to boost economic growth in the North of England particularly in the "Core Cities" of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield and Newcastle. Write these in your workbook

The role of the National Government The UK government is responsible for considering the level of inequality across the country as having a disparity between places and regions does not aid the overall development of the country. The most widely known disparity is the north-south divide; the south is dominated by London and due to the importance of the city, a large proportion of investment is made there…which means that traditionally other places have suffered (us up here in the poor north!)

Infrastructure (pps 246-247) 1. Why is maintaining or changing infrastructure and accessibility seen as a major factor in maintaining economic growth? 2. Why does the private sector have a link with government regarding infrastructure projects? 3. There are many ‘players’ involved in the regeneration process. Which department is involved with ‘artistic heritage and innovation’? 4. http://www.liverpoolwaters.co.uk/a-place-to-work/ Which organisation was involved in this large scale flagship regeneration project? 5. List the players who are usually involved in regeneration in the local area.

Infrastructure You will be given an example of infrastructure to briefly explore: HS2 Manchester Airport Development Heathrow London Development Write down any key facts and statistics: How much is it going to cost? Who is it going to benefit? What are the conflicting views?

Take a guess… How long does it take to drive from Newcastle to Middlesbrough? (65 km) 90 minutes How long does it take to drive from Essex to London (also 65km) 36 minutes In 2015, the government tried to readdress the imbalance by developing a so-called ‘northern powerhouse’, where the aim is that infrastructure will connect major industrial towns and cities in the north. How much money is spent of infrastructure in London? (per head per year?) £2595 How much money is spent of infrastructure in North East? (per head per year?) £5

£2595 per person per year…where does it go? Looking at p248 in Hodder and 220 and 221 in Pearson(handout) A large part of London’s major infrastructure spending is the expansive tube system (402km of track!), the over-ground, the DLR and the bus service, however in a constant bid to keep London competitive with other world cities, it is investing in new infrastructure. There are hopeful plans to expand one of the major London airports, the construction of the Crossrail network with the aim to reduce construction in Central London and the High Sped 2 (HS2) which is planned to link London and Birmingham, and later Leeds and Manchester.

Write up ‘Describe how infrastructure is a pivotal way in which national governments play a role in regeneration ’ (4)

‘Describe how infrastructure is a pivotal way in which national governments play a role in regeneration ’ (4) One way in which the Government plays a pivotal role in regeneration is through planning and investing in rail infrastructure which makes economic hubs more accessible (HS2). Another pivotal infrastructure is investing in roads and motorways to help commuting areas. The government also invest in airport infrastructure such as the £11billion Heathrow Airport which helps regeneration. Another role the government play is investment into school infrastructure which helps regenerate places socially.

Homework: Should the UK Government build the HS2? Your task is to decide whether or not the HS2 is something that the UK government should build to help us develop as a country. Research a range of articles and reading to help you make your decision Create a cost benefit analysis, which assesses the social, environmental and economic benefits of a scheme against the social, environmental and economic costs. Articles: http://news.sky.com/story/916374/hs2-cases-for-and-against-high-speed-rail http://stophs2.org/ https://yougov.co.uk/news/2012/01/20/for-against-high-speed-rail/