Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia

“Schizein” (Greek) for “to split” “phren” (Greek) “mind” “Schizein” (Greek) for “to split” “phren” (Greek) “mind” *Often mistaken for “Split personalities” *Means SPLIT from REALITY. Schizophrenia

Positive Symptoms (+ = ADD). Distortions of normal functions 1 Positive Symptoms (+ = ADD) *Distortions of normal functions 1. Thought delusions *paranoid *grandiose Symptoms

Grandiose delusion 1959: 3 men all claimed to be Jesus Christ Dr. Rokeach transferred the patients to the same ward of a mental hospital Grandiose delusion

Positive symptoms: thoughts 2. Form of thought Shift quickly from one topic to the next Unaware of bizarreness Incoherent “Word salad” Positive symptoms: thoughts

Disorganized thoughts: word salad

Neologisms: “New words” Formed by combining 2 or more regular words or using common words in a unique fashion. Sometimes they are totally unintelligible, but other times they clearly communicate ideas Neologisms: “New words”

“Belly bad luck and brutal and outrageous” “I have stomach problems and I don’t feel good.” “I gave all the work money.” “I paid tokens for my meal.” “He’s a tie-father.” “He’s a relative. Neologisms

The juxtaposition of words that no relation to one another beyond the fact that they rhyme or sound alike. Clanging

+ Symptoms: Hallucinations Auditory (the most common) Visual Smell Body Janssen Mindstorm + Symptoms: Hallucinations

4. Psychomotor behavior: Example: Strange gestures 5 4. Psychomotor behavior: Example: Strange gestures 5. Inappropriate affect Example: giggling at a funeral + Symptoms

Negative Symptoms (- = TAKE AWAY). Loss or Normal functions 1 Negative Symptoms (- = TAKE AWAY) *Loss or Normal functions 1. Flat affect Little or no intensity in feeling No signs of emotion 2. Psychomotor behavior Catatonic “Waxy flexibility” Negative Symptoms

3. Withdrawal from the world Example: Gerald Negative symptoms

Types of schizophrenia Chronic: slow developing More likely to have negative symptoms. Reactive: react to extreme stress More likely to have positive symptoms Types of schizophrenia

Dopamine hypothesis: TOO MUCH. Too many receptors for dopamine Dopamine hypothesis: TOO MUCH *Too many receptors for dopamine *Anti-psychotic drugs block excess dopamine at the receptor cells Abnormal brain tissue Causes

Low brain activity in frontal lobe

Ventricles larger

Causes Prenatal cause: viral flu infection (2nd trimester) Increased risk for those who undergo fetal development during a flu epidemic Months of increased schizophrenic births reversed in Southern Hemisphere Those born in winter/spring months have an increased risk Causes

Genetics

Diathesis Stress Model Gene and environment interaction The Genain Quadruplets Diathesis Stress Model Demonstration

Anti-psychotic medications: work on dopamine system; block dopamine receptors Typical neuroleptics: + symptoms Developed in 1950’s Dopamine system Atypical neuroleptics: + & - symptoms Dopamine & Serotonin Side effects: *impact white blood cells in immune system *Tardive dyskinesia Treatment