___1___ Disorder Symptoms Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety is a component of ___2___ . It occurs more in the ___3___ disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it.

___1___ Marked by a persistent and ___2___ of an object or situation that ___3___ behavior. OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how a phobia differs from fears we all experience.

Kinds of Phobias Agoraphobia Phobia of ___1___ . Acrophobia Claustrophobia Phobia of ___3___ . Hemophobia Phobia of ___4___ .

___1___ Persistence of unwanted thoughts (___2___ ) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (___3___ ) that cause distress. OBJECTIVE 8| Describe the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

___1___ A ___1___ scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High ___2___ (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with ___3___ . Brain image of an OCD

___1___ ___2___ weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): ___3___ 2. ___4___ OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and discuss survivor resiliency. 3. ___5___ 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. ___6___ Bettmann/ Corbis

Resilience to PTSD Only about ___1___ of women and ___2___ of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD. Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations. All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the ___3___ of an individual.

Explaining Anxiety Disorders ___1___ suggested that we ___2___ our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, ___3___ . OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders.

The Learning Perspective Learning theorists suggest that ___1___ leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with ___2___ (stimulus generalization) and is ___3___ . John Coletti/ Stock, Boston

The Learning Perspective Investigators believe that ___1___ are inculcated through ___2___ . Young monkeys develop fear when they ___3___ other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

The Biological Perspective ___1___ has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our ___2___ may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share ___3___ .

The Biological Perspective ___1___, ___2___ , and even ___3___ are linked with brain circuits like the ___4___ . S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, 347-353. Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient.

___1___ Conscious awareness becomes separated (___2___ ) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms OBJECTIVE 11| Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders, and explain why some critics are skeptical about dissociative identity disorder. Having a sense of being ___3___ . 2. Being separated from ___4___ . 3. ___5___ as if in a movie.

Emotional extremes of ___1___ come in two principal forms. ___2___ ___3___ OBJECTIVE 12| Define mood disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder Depression is the “___1___ ” of psychological disorders. In a year, ___2___ of men and ___3___ of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).

Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last ___1___ and are not caused by ___2___ conditions. Signs include: Lethargy and fatigue Feelings of ___3___ Loss of interest in ___4___ Loss of interest in activities

___1___ ___1___ lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by ___2___ lasting ___3___ . Major Depressive Disorder Blue Mood Dysthymic

Inability to make decisions ___1___ Formerly called ___2___ disorder. An alternation between ___3___ and ___4___ signals bipolar disorder. Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms Gloomy Elation Withdrawn Euphoria Inability to make decisions Desire for action Tired Hyperactive Slowness of thought Multiple ideas

Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase ___1___ surged, but not during their ___2___ . Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Bettmann/ Corbis

Explaining Mood Disorders Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: OBJECTIVE 13| Discuss the facts that an acceptable theory of depression must explain. ___1___ ___2___

Theory of Depression Gender differences

Post-partum depression Theory of Depression Depressive episodes ___1___ . Depression is ___2___ , especially in the ___3___ . Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images Post-partum depression

Suicide The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide. National differences Racial differences Gender differences Age differences Other differences Suicide Statistics

Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (___1___ ) than fraternal twins (__2__ ). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the contribution of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression. Jerry Irwin Photography

Neurotransmitters & Depression A reduction of ___1___ and ___2___ has been found in depression. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce ___3__. Pre-synaptic Neuron Serotonin Norepinephrine Post-synaptic Neuron

Social-Cognitive Perspective The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from ___1___ and ___2___ . OBJECTIVE 15| Summarize the contribution of the social-cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.

Depression Cycle ___1___ events. ___2___ explanatory style. Hopeless depressed state. These hamper the way the individual ___3___ , fueling personal rejection.

Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed. Example Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

___1___ If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the ___2___ . Nearly ___3___ suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002). Schizophrenia strikes ___4___ as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia The literal translation is “split mind.” A group of severe disorders characterized by the following: ___1___. ___2___. ___3___. OBJECTIVE 16| Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, and differentiate delusion and hallucinations.

Disorganized & Delusional Thinking Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of ___1___ failure (___2___ thoughts).

Disturbed Perceptions A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (___1___ ). Frequently such hallucinations are ___2___ and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory. Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg

Inappropriate Emotions & Actions A schizophrenic person may ___1___ at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (___2___ ). Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain ___3___ for hours (___4___ ).

Positive and Negative Symptoms Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (___1___ ). Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals (___2___ ).

Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia When schizophrenia is ___1___ to develop (chronic/process) recovery is ___2___ . Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms. When schizophrenia rapidly develops (___3___) recovery is better. Such schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms.

Understanding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disease of the ___1___ exhibited by the symptoms of the mind. Brain Abnormalities ___2___ : Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of ___3___ receptors in the brain. OBJECTIVE 18| Outline some abnormal brain functions and structures associated with schizophrenia, and discuss the possible link between prenatal viral infections and schizophrenia.

Abnormal Brain Morphology Schizophrenia patients may exhibit ___1___ changes in the brain like ___2___ of ___3___. Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC

Genetic Factors The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is ___1___ if their ___2___ has the disease (Gottesman, 1991). 0 10 20 30 40 50 Identical Both parents Fraternal One parent Sibling Nephew or niece Unrelated OBJECTIVE 19| Discuss the evidence for a genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia.

Early warning signs of schizophrenia include: 1. A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia. 2. Birth complications, ___1___ and ___2___ . 3. ___3___ and poor muscle coordination. 4. Disruptive and withdrawn behavior. 5. Emotional unpredictability. 6. ___4___.

Personality Disorders Personality disorders are characterized by ___1___ and enduring behavior patterns that impair ___2___ . They are usually without ___3___ . OBJECTIVE 21| Contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorders.

___1___ Disorder A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of ___2___ for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a ___3___ .

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the ___1___ . In a follow-up study repeat offenders had ___2___ less frontal lobe activity compared to normals (Raine et al., 1999; 2000). Courtesy of Adrian Raine, University of Southern California Normal Murderer

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder The likelihood that one will commit a crime ___1___ when childhood poverty is compounded with ___2___ (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).

Obstetrical Complications Signs of asphyxia at birth (Apgar score <7) the need for the child to remain in hospital low birth weight (<2,500 g) delay in gaining weight after birth, were all associated with significantly increased risk of schizophrenia.

Rates of Psychological Disorders OBJECTIVE 22| Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders.