Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive. Does not have to be deviant behavior. Must cause stress to the individual (most times)

Four Basic Standards of abnormal Behavior It is unusual- occurs infrequently in a certain population It is maladaptive- interferes with a person’s ability to function in one or more areas of life It is disturbing to others- it is a serious departure from the norms of society It is distressful- prevents a person from thinking clearly and making decisions

Early Theories Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out. Trephining was often used.

Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/Perspective Cause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Socio-cultural Dysfunctional Society Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

DSM V Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures. DSM 5 new names mental retardation now intellectual disability Also new categories hoarding and binge-eating disorder

DSM V

The Rosenhan Study- A criticism of labeling In 1973 Rosenhan and associates Admitted to several hospitals Only Symptom- claimed to hear voices All admitted and labeled as schizophrenic What are some of the questions raised by this study? Problems: people viewed differently with a label Creates a bias Leads to self-fulfilling prophecies from others Led to a new checklist for diagnosis

Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders Psychotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety Increased heart rate Dry mouth Nauseau Intestinal distress Frequent urination Possible fainting Shaking Twitching Can lead to real physical problems

Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. the patient fears something awful will happen to them. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear. 2/3 are women

Phobias http://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/phobias.html Must be an irrational fear. Agoraphobia fear of open spaces can be brought on by panic attacks Social anxiety- No trigger( social phobia) fear of scrutiny, speaking up, fear of embarrassment http://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/phobias.html

Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia. Free-floating Person cannot identify the cause therefore cannot deal with or avoid it

Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing. Persons know the rituals are irrational More common among teens and young adults Classified separately in the DSM V

Your brain with OCD

Videos tool kit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obJMeV_ESj8

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. 1/10 women and 1/20 men develop PTSD after trauma Active limbic system Overtaxed autonomic system Memories of the event cause anxiety. A lot of activity in the Right temporal lobe Can lead to post-traumatic growth- increased personal strength Classified separately in the DSM V

PTSD http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyS48P1Zuvk

Understanding Anxiety Disorders Learning Perspective: a conditioned response Observational learning- transmit anxiety to our children Cognitive- your thinking about the event your perception about events ex: a creaky door becomes an intruder wielding a knife. People become hyper vigilant Biological – evolutionary, but out of control grooming gone wild = pull out hair. Hard to extinguish fears that were evolutionary relevant Genetic- runs in families possible anxiety gene that regulates serotonin or glutamate Brain- creates a mental hiccup and redo the behaviors

Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. Two types……

Hypochondriasis Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses. In DSM V now categorized as Somatic Symptom Disorder

Conversion Disorder Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. Like blindness or paralysis. Pol Pot

Conversion Disorder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jOuqAcgMrA

Dissociative Disorders These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. Three types….

Psychogenic Amnesia A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. Retrograde Amnesia (cannot remember the past) NOT organic amnesia.

Dissociative Fugue People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

Dissociative Fugue http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15373503/

Dissociative Identity Disorder Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. A person has several rather than one integrated personality (alters) that control the person’s behavior. People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma. Constructive memory- create memories to fill the gaps of lost time . Therapists cautious not to ask leading questions lest they give someone the idea they have been abused or have DID. CM may play a role in the higher rates of diagnosed DID

Article: Inside Karen’s Crowded Mind

Dissociative identity disorder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2atzoaA2NI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=014J2FOT03k

Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

Major Depressive Disorder 5 signs last 2 or more weeks: Signs are- Problems regulating appetite Problems regulating sleep Low energy Difficulty concentrating and making decisions Feelings of hopelessness

Dysthymia Persistent depressive disorder Less severe than Major Depressive Disorder Adults who experience mild depressed mood for at least 2 years Also display only 2 or more of the depressive symptoms listed

Seasonal Affective Disorder Experience depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Treated with light therapy.

Bipolar Disorder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXHWlucrwOM Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable, also delusions). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXHWlucrwOM

Understanding Mood Disorders Causes behavioral and cognitive changes Widespread Stressful events can precede depression: work, marriage, death Hits earlier with each new generation Developed countries Perspectives: Biological- Tends to run in families but is it observed behavior. Identical twins studies 50% chance if one twin suffers depression: Linkage Analysis points towards chromosomes Less brain activity during depressed states Hippocampus is vulnerable

Other Causes Biochemical: norepinephrine increases arousal and mood low when depressed, high when manic, Serotonin- scarce during depression Social- Cognitive Mood Congruent Memory- Memories encoded during a certain mood are more easily recalled when we are in that mood again. Depressed people more likely to recall depressing events thus contributing to the depression. Can complicate talk therapy Depression high in people who overthink and ruminate Internal locus of control- my fault

Depressed Brain

Schizophrenic Disorders About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Hits in late teens early 20s Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized thinking. Disturbed Perceptions Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

Disorganized Thinking/Speaking The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information. Creates artificial words, jumbles words and phrases- Word Salad “Imagine Beethoven, with the bird droppings, and the green tress as wonderful as the Statue of Liberty”

Delusions (false beliefs that continue in spite of contrary evidence) Delusions of Persecution- spies, aliens, neighbors plotting to get them Delusions of Grandeur- you are someone who is powerful, important

Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

Paranoid Schizophrenia preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. Somebody is out to get me!!!! Considered most dangerous Most common

Schizophrenia Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkB2CGL769o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVHNGZ0Omx0&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=53 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kjr82pzrVSY&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=55

Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Genetic- Adoption studies show that if either biological Parent has schizophrenia, the adopted person is at a greater risk. If one Identical twin develops schizophrenia the risk rate is 48% for the other twin Diathesis –stress model- people inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases the risk of schizophrenia- stressful life experiences can trigger schizophrenic episodes Dopamine Hypothesis-Excess of dopamine receptors- 6X allows more dopamine to be available which causes positive schizophrenic symptoms such as: hallucinations, delusions and paranoia ( not a cause of the disease) Over activity in thalamus when patients heard voices or saw images Maternal viral infection that may impair fetal brain development

Adapted from Gottesman, 2001 Figure 12.9 Risk of developing schizophrenia  The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia varies with one’s genetic relatedness to someone having this disorder. Across countries, barely more than 1 in 10 fraternal twins, but some 5 in 10 identical twins, share a schizophrenia diagnosis. Adapted from Gottesman, 2001 © 2011 by Worth Publishers

Brain scans

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgZGuasi1q0&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=50

Personality Disorders Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring patterns of behavior Dominates their personality. 3 clusters

Personality disorders Cluster One Expresses anxiety Fearful sensitivity to rejection that has the person withdraw Avoidant Personality Disorder Cluster Two Emotionless disengagement as found in schizoid personality disorder Cluster Three Dramatic and Impulsive Behaviors Histrionic – attention-getting Narcissistic- self-inflating and self-focused

Antisocial Personality Disorder= sociopath or psychopath Lack of empathy. Little regard for other’s feelings. Lack of conscience/ no remorse Intelligent, manipulative Not all serial killers politicians , business people Mostly males

Why? Scans show reduced activity in frontal lobes Reduced ANS activity causes people to have little or no physiological reaction to aversive events: loud noises, electric shocks Lack of arousal may lead people to act fearlessly- criminal behaviors: stealing, promiscuity lying, to name a few. May lead to criminal behavior ANS is a warning to the rest of us that we are doing something wrong Some detection at 3-4 years old usually by 15 years old: impulsive, uninhibited, low anxiety- all related to low ANS activity

You decide? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zupt6RoQgbM&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=56 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njSMTfPRz9g