58. Other Accessory Organs

A. Liver a. Largest internal organ (3 lbs) b. Sits to the right

Liver

Liver Functions Over 500 vital functions – very busy organ!

c. Liver Functions Produces bile to break down fats

Liver Functions Processes nutrients into usable forms First organ to receive blood after digestion

Liver Functions Detoxifies - removes poison from blood

Regeneration d. One of few organs that can grow back to full size

e. Issues with Liver Jaundice – yellowing of skin and eyes from bilirubin accumulation

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin so that it can be excreted by the body as waste. At birth, a baby's liver is still developing its ability to process bilirubin. Therefore, bilirubin levels are a little high at birth and jaundice is present to some degree in almost all newborns. This form of jaundice usually appears between day 2 and 5 and clears by 2 weeks. It usually causes no problems.

Phototherapy

A B C D E F Issues with Liver Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver from viruses or bacteria A B C D E F

Hepatitis A – transmitted by contaminated food and water Hepatitis B – transmitted by blood, needles, sexual contact Hepatitis C – transmitted mostly by blood

Hepatitis B and C liver

Issues with Liver Cirrhosis – liver tissue is replaced with fat or scar tissue caused by alcohol

B. Gall Bladder a. Thin sac under liver, concentrates and stores bile

Gall Bladder b. Not essential to live

c. Gallstones Hard deposits in gall bladder Too much cholesterol or not enough bile salts

Gallstones

C. Pancreas a. Flattened, bumpy gland below the stomach

Pancreas b. Important to both digestive and endocrine systems

Digestive c. enzymes that help break down foods

Endocrine d. Secrete hormones that control blood sugar levels Insulin – DECREASE glucose in blood Glucagon - INCREASE glucose in blood

D. Diabetes Body is unable to control blood sugar levels Type 1 Type 2

Type I a. Pancreas can’t make insulin, childhood Treatment – insulin shots, controlled diet

Type II b. Cells do not respond to insulin, later years Treatment - exercise, medication, and controlled diet

Nutrition

A. Nutrients Things in food that promote health growth, repair, and maintenance

B. Calorie (kilocalorie) the unit for energy from food Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 ˚C

C. Carbohydrates a. Sugars and starches (plants) b. Quickest form of energy c. Energy = 4.1 Kcal/gram

D. Lipids a. Oils and fats b. Highest energy source c. Energy = 9.3 Kcal/gram

E. Proteins a. Animal products (milk, eggs, meat) b. Harder energy to use than carbs. c. Energy = 4.1 Kcal/gram

F. Minerals and Vitamins No energy but essential to body

G. Water Not a nutrient, but essential for life Body loses 3-5 L of water a day through sweat, urine, and exhaled air

H. Metabolism How fast you use the energy from food All chemical processes in the body use energy! Age, weight, gender, genetics

I. Basic Metabolic Rate Number of Kcals used in a day just to stay alive a. Female – 1200-1400 Kcals a day b. Male – 1500-1700 Kcals a day Weight in kg X 1 if male or .9 if female Kg = 2.2 lbs

a. Decrease Kcal intake b. Increase Kcal output J. Losing Weight Only 2 steps: a. Decrease Kcal intake b. Increase Kcal output

BMI = wt (lbs) x 705 ht (in) ² K. Body Mass Index test to see if you are underweight, normal, overweight, or obese BMI = wt (lbs) x 705 ht (in) ²

a. Under weight = 18.5 b. Normal weight= 18.5-24.9 Body Mass Index a. Under weight = 18.5 b. Normal weight= 18.5-24.9 c. Overweight = 25-29.9 d. Obese = 30+

Obesity a. Excess body weight

Bulimia b. binging and vomiting

Anorexia c. nervous inability to eat

Please take care of yourselves!