Success, Anatomy, Life cycles Insects Success, Anatomy, Life cycles

The Success of Insects Insects have been around for 300 million years Estimated 4 -14 million species of insects worldwide Out number humans 1,000,000 – 1 Out weigh (mass) humans 10-1

Reasons for Success Small size Millions of years to establish their niche Survive from the benefits of microclimates Most are winged (can pick up and move) Most have complete metamorphosis Have tremendous reproductive capacity

Parts

The Basic Anatomy

Insect Anatomy

Head Eyes Antennae Mouth Parts

Compound Eyes Compound eyes are a visual organ found in most arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. It may consist of thousands of tiny independent photoreception units consisting of a cornea, lens, and photoreceptor cells which distinguish brightness and color. The image perceived by the arthropod is a combination of inputs from the numerous units, which are oriented to point in slightly different directions. Compared with single-aperture eyes, compound eyes have poor image resolution; however, they possess a very large view angle and the ability to detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

Ocelli Small bump-like structures like eyes Usually on the top of the head Ocelli are less adapted for recognition of objects and more for detection of light, and movement. They have one single lens

Anatomy - Thorax Each of the 3 sections of the thorax Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax typically have have 1 set of legs and the 2 sets of wings are attached to the Mesothorax and the Metathorax

Thorax Legs (6) Wings (4) Butterfly wings folded up at rest Wings can be folded or remain out like this dragonfly Cicada wings folded across the body

Caterpillar Anatomy Caterpillars are the larval stage of insects in the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) order of insects. Their long large abdomens are supported by prolegs which are temporary appendages for that life stage only

Halteres (reduced knob-like 2nd set of wings thought to be used for balance)

Elytra (first set of wings) on a beetle

Abdomen The abdomen is where all of the major organs typically reside and has up to 13 segments

Life Cycles

[Division] - Exopterygota Biting and Sucking lice (Order: Phthiraptera) Booklice and Barklice (Order: Psocoptera) Cockroaches (Order: Blattodea) Dragonflies and Damselflies (Order: Odonata) Earwigs (Order: Dermaptera) Grasshoppers and Crickets (Order: Orthoptera) Praying Mantids (Order: Mantodea) Mayflies (Order: Ephemeroptera) Stick insects and Leaf insects (Order: Phasmatodea) Stoneflies (Order: Plecoptera) Termites (Previously Order: Isoptera but now part of Order: Blattodea) Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera) True Bugs (Order: Hemiptera) Web-spinners (Order: Embioptera) Zorapterans (Order: Zoraptera) [Division] Endopterygota Alderflies, Dobsonflies & Fishflies (Order: Megaloptera) Bees, Wasps and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera) Beetles (Order: Coleoptera) Butterflies and Moths (Order: Lepidoptera) Caddisflies (Order: Trichoptera) Fleas (Order: Siphonaptera) Flies (Order: Diptera) Lacewings, Antlions & Mantidflies (Order: Neuroptera) Scorpionflies (Order: Mecoptera) Snakeflies (Order: Raphidioptera) Strepsipterans (Order: Strepsiptera) Simple life cycle You are responsible for the orders in Blue Complete life cycle

Life Cycles (for this class) Simple life cycles: Complete life cycles

Simple Life Cycle Smaller stages of the life cycle typically look similar to the adult

Complete life cycles: Usually 4 staged life cycle starting with an egg that hatches into larval form which in time pupates. The adult emerges from the pupae looking many times completely different

General Taxonomy Categories Honey Bee Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Insecta Order - Hymenoptera Family - Apidae Genus - Apis Species - mellifera You will need to know some of the more common orders of insects

Odonata - old group of insects that have 2 sets of similar sized wings, are considered to be excellent strong flyers, have chewing mouth parts and mostly feed on other insects Dragonflys – cannot fold up wings Damselflys fold wings along their back when at rest.

Orthoptera Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets

Lepidoptera Moths and Butterflys

Hymenoptera The social insects

Hemiptera – True bugs

Homoptera – Tree hoppers, Leaf hoppers, Psyllids, Cicadas

Damage Signs Caused by Insects Defoliation Flagging Leaf cupping Leaf curling Mining of leaves and needles Notching of leaf margins Oviposition Scars Reddening Scaring Shot holing Skeletonization Stippling Streaking Tunneling of fruit Windowpaning Yellowing