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Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.) The Middle Kingdom (2055 B.C.–1650 B.C.) Arose about 150 years after the collapse of the Old Kingdom. A golden age of stability and expansion into Africa and western Asia. Nubia, located south of Egypt, was conquered. Fortresses were built to protect the new lands. Section 2

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.) Pharaohs built public works and provided for the public welfare of the people. Drained swampland in the Nile Delta, providing thousands of acres of farmland. Dug a canal to connect the Nile River and Red Sea. The Middle Kingdom ended with an invasion of the Hyksos from western Asia around 1650 B.C. Section 2

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.) The Hyksos used horse-drawn war chariots to overwhelm the Egyptian soldiers. The Egyptians learned to use bronze in their farming tools and weapons. The New Kingdom (1550 B.C.–1070 B.C.) Hatshepsut was one of the first women to become pharaoh. Akhenaten closed the temples of all other gods except for Aten, god of the sun disk. Section 2

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.) The popular boy-pharaoh Tutankhamen restored the old gods. Ramses II restored the old borders of the empire that had been lost during the religious revolution under Akhenaten. Cleopatra VII unsuccessfully fought for Egyptian independence in the first century B.C. Her involvement with Rome, led to her defeat and suicide. Egypt became a province in Rome’s empire. Section 2

A. They all featured women rulers. Which is true of the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom? A. They all featured women rulers. B. They featured long-term stability and strong leadership. C. A pyramid was built for each period. D. The kingdoms all had the same ruling family. A B C D Section 2