The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

FERTILE CRECENT TODAY

Mesopotamia Tigris/Euphrates Flood Irregularly Solution? Irrigation

FERTILE CRECENT SUMER - cities from 5300 B.C.E. city-states Competition for resources

Sumer Ziggurats- pyramid shaped structure

City-state a political unit with its own government Sumerians City-state a political unit with its own government

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki – Eridu, Water/Mischief/Flood Story? Innana – Uruk, Fertility/Love/War

Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform Writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

Writing… Prehistoric to historic

Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

Board Game From Ur

The Babylonian Empires

Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out If he breaks another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out

If any one steal the minor son of another, he shall be put to death.  If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.

Hammurabi, the Judge

Babylonian Math

Babylonian Numbers

Sumerian Culture & Accomplishments Cuneiform Math Based on 60 Technology Wheel, plow, bronze, sewers Arches, ramps, columns Trade Lack raw materials like wood and metal

A View of Egypt by Satellite

NILE VALLEY THEN TODAY

Ancient Egyptian History Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins 3900 B. C. E. Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Geography Nile River Floods Each Spring Irrigated Crops Cataracts Leaves Silt Irrigated Crops Cataracts Waterfalls/Rapids Protected Egypt from the South

History Around 3100 BC – Menes Unifies Upper and Lower Egypt

Egypt History 3 Main Periods: Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Old Kingdom Accomplishments: Pyramids of Giza Hieroglyphics Papyrus Paper Math System Religion - Polytheistic Fall of Kingdom: Local Warlords undermine the Pharaoh

Pyramids Landmarks of this period: 1st Pyramids limestone blocks Each block= 2 ½ tons

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara 1st large stone building

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu What kinds of skills did the Egyptians need to create the pyramids?

Preparations for the Underworld ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E.

Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. Why is there a boat in the Pharaoh’s tomb?

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Papyrus  Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 What number is this?

Middle Kingdom Accomplishments: Fall of Kingdom: Fell to Hyksos Increased Trade with Mesopotamia Developed Bronze Battled Hyksos Fall of Kingdom: Fell to Hyksos

New Kingdom Age of the Builders Ramses II Battled Hittites Married a Hittite Princess – Brought Peace Fall of Kingdom: Sea Peoples Attacked/Conquered

INDUS VALLEY

INDUS VALLEY

INDUS VALLEY TODAY

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS 2500 - 2000 B.C.E. “HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION” HARAPPA MOHENJO DARO 2000 – 1500 B.C.E. VEDIC PERIOD SETTLED IN SMALLER VILLAGES

Well-planned intricate “urban centers” CITIES MOHENJODARO HARAPPA Well-planned intricate “urban centers”

HARAPPAN CULTURE Writing?? figurines = TRADE jewelry

VEDIC PERIOD VEDAS ARYANS MOVE INTO AREA CASTE SYSTEM RAJAS – WARRIOR LEADERS CASTE SYSTEM VARNAS

VARNAS BRAHMIN – PRIESTS AND TEACHERS KSHATRIYAS – WARRIORS AND RULERS VAISYAS – COMMON PEOPLE (TRADERS, FARMERS, ETC) SUDRAS – SERVANTS

Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze River Valley

China Today

Ancient China Loess Agriculture – 7000 BC First Emperor? – Fu Xi 2800

Chinese Dynasties 1. Xia (ca. 2200-1750 B.C.E.)?? 2. Shang (ca. 1750-1100 B.C.E.) 3. Zhou dynasty (1122-256 B.C.E.): classical Chinese civilization

SHANG DYNASTY Oracle Bones Ancestors/Afterlife Bronze Monarchy Surrounded by court

Ancient Chinese Culture Bronze tools/weapons Pottery Writing System

ZHOU DYNASTY Mandate of Heaven Gods support just ruler, overthrow unjust Dynastic Cycle Iron, Roads, Canals, Chopsticks!

Ancient Philosophies Confucianism Daoism Treat one another humanely Love and respect others by practicing manners/rituals Honor Ancestors Rulers/advisors based on Merit, not family Confucius Retreat from society and yield to laws of nature Yin/yang – perfect harmony of nature Laozi