The Omnivore’s Dilemma Malnutrition Sources: The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2009 The Omnivore’s Dilemma Michael Pollan, 2006 http://www.amazon.com/World-Food-Problem-Toward-Undernutrition/dp/1588266389

Malnutrition Undernutrition Overnutrition Lack of nutrients Calories Protein Micronutrients Low income countries Overnutrition Obesity Too many calories High and middle income countries http://i105.photobucket.com/albums/m203/sspasha/Malnutrition.jpg

Undernutrition Undernutrition Secondary Malnutrition Micronutrient Malnutrition Protein Energy Malnutrition Most important Severe Protein Energy Malnutrition http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/tech/malnutrition.jpg

Global Undernutrition http://paperdreamer.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/world_hunger_map.jpg

Secondary Malnutrition Diet normal Food not digested or absorbed Diarrhea Parasites Tapeworm

Micronutrient Malnutrition Deficiency in: Vitamin A Iodine Iron Zinc Calcium Vitamin D B Vitamins Vitamin C Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency) http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rickets.jpg

Vitamin A, Iodine and Iron Deficiency

Vitamin A Deficiency Night Blindness Half of these will die 500,000 children/year xerophthalmia Half of these will die within a year of becoming blind Rice diet lacking green vegetables Vitamin supplements help: cost $3/year Golden Rice could help xerophthalmia http://www.vitaminsdiary.com/UserFiles/Image/keratomalacia.jpg

Iodine Deficiency Goiter (thyroid enlargement) Iodine deficiency affects 740 million people worldwide single greatest cause of preventable brain damage in babies Goiter Stillbirth Miscarriages Mental Retardation Prevented by iodized salt Best sources of natural iodine Sea weed Sea food Goiter (thyroid enlargement) http://www.voanews.com/english/images/emory_edu_goiter_Iodine_Deficiency_Disorder_195_eng_11may06_0.jpg

38 million newborns are not protected from iodine deficiency http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/images/pfc6_sources_of_data_used_in_unicef_analysis_2000-2006.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/index_41796.htm&h=361&w=600&sz=20&hl=en&start=75&sig2=xIUDzxMbqzKvhSoLjqx6cw&um=1&tbnid=AHRtpUj1tsOS5M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=135&ei=AptlSJ6DD6fuigHGy4y7Cw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dunicef%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1B3GGGL_enUS240US242%26sa%3DN

Iron Deficiency Anemia Affects 2 billion people, 90% live in developing countries 39% of preschool children 52% of pregnant women Reduced physical activity mental activity Increased birth mortality Worms Malaria HIV High iron rice could help http://www.micronutrient.org/reports/images/Page16Image.jpg

Other Deficiencies Zinc Calcium Vitamin D Growth retardation delayed sexual maturation skin and eye lesions 48% of world at risk for zinc deficiency Calcium Osteoporosis: bone loss Vitamin D Rickets: bone malformation Not enough sunlight exposure: Swaddled babies Swaddled babies at risk for Rickets: not enough sunlight http://www.ulanbatoronline.org/cammp_section/article_images_lamc_latimes/scans/latimes_images/thumbnails/babyswaddle.jpg

Other Deficiencies Vitamin C Niacin Thiamin Folate Scurvy Causes Scurvy: problem in refugee camps Niacin Causes Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia Due to diet high in maize (low in tryptophan) Thiamin Causes Beriberi Due to diet high in polished rice Folate Birth defects: Anancephaly and Spina Bifida Scurvy http://www.athropolis.com/arctic-facts/misc/scurvy.jpg

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Underconsumption of calories or protein Most important form of malnutrition Associated with poverty Not enough food Poor quality food Kwashiorkor Extreme protein deficiency Marasmus Extreme calorie deficiency Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor Protein deficiency often associated with weaning onto thin cereal gruels. Cassava Plantains Bloating of the stomach due to edema Fluid leaking into body Wasted muscles Antibodies degraded to provide protein to body Infection Dysentery Death http://www.imageenvision.com/md2/sym_0004-0703-1422-2622_nurse_standing_with_a_group_of_african_children_showing_symptoms_of_the_protein-deficiency_disease_kwashiorkor.jpg

Marasmus Calorie deficiency Protein used for energy Results in wasting Lack of food Poorest populations Neglected Infants children Protein used for energy Results in wasting Deterioration of tissues Brain development impaired

Impact of Undernutrition

Overnutrition Medical problems Consumption of too many calories Obesity Medical problems Heart disease Diabetes Cancer http://www.mercola.com/images/blog/2005/01.01.junkfood.gif

Overnutrition Industrial food Global problem High in calories Overnutrition has surpassed undernutrition Worst in middle and high income countries Rising in low income countries Can co-exist with undernutrition Same country Same household Projected to get worse as incomes rise Industrial food High in calories http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/05/16/article-0-064EFCA50000044D-848_468x296.jpg

Industrial Food Economies of scale Processing Low Prices Industrial agriculture Commodity grains Factory farm animals Confinement Processing White flour Corn and soy ingredients Low Prices Must sell more Supersizing Fat and sugar added New products http://www.salembargains.com/Images/Cereal-Aisle2.jpg 20

Global Overnutrition http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7151000/7151813.stm

Global Overnutrition http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes3.htm http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes1.htm

Overnutrition in the USA Overweight population 2/3 of adults 1/3 of children Reasons Excess fat, sugar in diet Not enough fiber Sedentary lifestyle Poor are overweight Industrial food inexpensive Fast food Processed Energy dense Fruits, vegetables more expensive http://www.epidemiologic.org/obesity/obesity-epidemic2004-msn-small.JPG

http://www. geographyalltheway http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_resources/imagesetc/obesity_poverty.jpg

Overnutrition rising in developing countries Increase in global food market Industrial food Urbanization Fast Food Diet change Decline in traditional diet Increased meat http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes2.htm

Calorie consumption

Balanced Protein Protein are made of amino acids Essential amino acids Body cannot make Required in diet Animal proteins have perfect balance of amino acids Meat Milk Eggs http://www.ibabuzz.com/allyoucaneat/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/eggs.jpg

Complementing Proteins Plant proteins are deficient in different essential amino acids Cereals Low in lysine Beans Low in methionine Must eat both cereal and beans together To get balanced amino acids Complementing proteins Rice and Beans http://www.d16acbl.org/U174/black%20beans.jpg

Calorie Deficiency Most widespread problem among poor Cannot get enough calories (energy) in diet Most get enough protein Calorie requirements vary Age Sex Pregnancy Lactation

Nutritional Needs RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance EAR Level of nutrients adequate for 97-98% of the group Good target for individuals EAR Estimated Average Requirement Level of nutrients adequate for ½ individuals in group Always lower than RDA Good target for average intake of a group http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/pyramid.gif