How do the impacts on humans from tectonic activity vary? Wednesday, 19 September 2018Wednesday, 19 September 2018 How do the impacts on humans from tectonic activity vary? Learning objectives: How does the frequency and pattern of hazard impact change over time? What is the park model and how does is show long and short term impacts? Key words: Socio-economic status Social impact Parks model (response curve)

Homework 1/10 DUE 14/10 1. Research the Isle of Arran: (make a case study A3 sheet) Why does the Isle exist? What igneous features exist on the isle? How did they get there? Why can we now see all the features? – how has the Isle changed over time? Find pictures, information, maps etc. 2. Exam question: Explain in what ways and why landform features of volcanic activity can affect both inland and coastal landscapes – use Arran as your example! (10 marks) 3. Examples: Find examples of the 3 types of faulting and folding caused by specific earthquakes. Give details of the earthquake and WHY it cause this landscape change. Find some pictures and be prepared to talk about it next lesson. http://www.ehow.com/list_7654651_landforms-caused-folding-faulting.html

20 minutes Research task: Find case studies where people haven’t moved from tectonically active areas and why. Use the link below to start you off. Prepare to feedback to the class on your findings. http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Vulnerable+Populations

Use two case studies you have already looked at. 30 minutes Research task: Use two case studies you have already looked at. Find the social, environmental and economic impacts of the hazard on the PEOPLE. Gather your information from newspaper articles, websites, diaries, blogs, pictures. Use the table to help you structure your research. ALSO fill in your case study sheet. http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Vulnerable+Populations

Main task: Haiti vs Christchurch TASK: You need to compare the two case studies above. Why does the impact vary? What evidence do you have for that? Is it a ‘class quake’? How does the level of development change the impact it has on the people? Is there anything about their specific location that would cause the impacts to vary (hint- disaster equation – do one for each location)? How does the RANGE of impacts vary between the countries (more or less? Which hazards specifically?) Use information from pictures/quotes/newspaper articles to make your points. REFERENCE where you got your information from so you can refer to it in the exam.

(South Asian) Earthquake (Wenchuan) Earthquake Discussion: Examine the two earthquakes below and consider how factors such as economic development, building types, the geography of the area affected and the relief effort may have affected the impacts. (South Asian) Earthquake October 2005, Kashmir (Wenchuan) Earthquake May 2008, Sichuan, China Details Magnitude 7.6. Huge number of landslides accounting for 30%+ of deaths Magnitude 8.0. Thrust fault at continent continent convergence Fault displacement Largely horizontal displacement of up to 10m Up to 5m vertically and 4m horizontally at the surface Focus depth 10 km 19 km Aftershocks 900+ over magnitude 4.0 250+ aftershocks over magnitude 4.0 Deaths 80,000 70,000 People affected 8 million 3-4 million homeless 15-30 million 5 million homeless Injuries 200,000+ 380,000 Damage estimate US$5 billion US$150 billion Buildings Around 1 million damaged/ destroyed / severely damaged Over 2 million damaged 200,000+ buildings destroyed

Developed versus developing world It is often said that disaster impacts in the developed world are largely economic, whereas in the developing world they are human (death). You should carefully consider if this generalisation is true. (see the table, right) The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan and 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines are useful examples to consider Death Toll  Event  Location  Date 5,115 Mount Kelut eruption Indonesia 1991 23,000 Nevado del Ruiz eruption Colombia 1985 25,000 Spitak Earthquake Armenia 1988 30,000 Bam earthquake Iran 2003 35,000 Manjil Rudbar earthquake 1990 36,000 Krakatoa eruption tsunami 1883 66,000 Ancash earthquake Peru 1970 69,197 Sichuan earthquake China 2008 86,000 Kashmir earthquake Pakistan 2005 100,000 Tsunami Messina, Italy 1908 105,000 Great Kanto earthquake Japan 1923 230,000 Indian Ocean tsunami Indian Ocean 2004 245,000 Tangshan earthquake 1976

We are going to look at Haiti again http://www.insidedisaster.com/experience/Main.html# As we go through the simulation, you need to be considering the social, economic and environmental impacts. After, you will add anything extra to your case study file.

Impacts over time A simplified version of Park’s hazard response model (disaster curve) is shown below Different hazard events have different impacts, shown by the speed of the drop in quality of life, the duration of the decline, and the speed and nature of recovery. The differences in the 3 lines might be related to type of hazard, degree of preparedness, speed of the relief effort and the nature of recovery and rebuilding.

Immediately after the event, communities enter a disrupted period Immediately after the event, communities enter a disrupted period. The priority here is to relieve the suffering of those who have DIRECTLY been impacted by the hazard. Including finding missing people, rescuing those trapped and providing emergency supplies. This shows the beginning of the rehabilitation. To allow this to happen, there needs to be many temporary services set up eg. Healthcare, housing, food and water. Often there is assistance from outside the affected region, sometimes including humanitarian aid from abroad. Before the event Hazard happens. Is it quick? Slow? This is the period of recovery. This can last weeks, months of even years. The community is reconstructed and life is able to return to normal.

What would cause the response to vary? Discuss! Vulnerability The hazard severity Level of development Preparedness Economic status Aid and response EQ1 EQ3 EQ4

Where would your case studies go? What are the long term and short term impacts?

How do the trends in frequency and impact vary over time? Impact = a marked effect or influence Frequency = How often

Why has is gone down?

Why has this gone up?

LAST YEAR Exam question: Explain why the economic losses caused by natural hazards have generally risen over time whereas the number of lives lost has fallen. (15 marks) (Use examples to illustrate your point) Use your essay guide to plan for this essay question. Bring your essay plan with you next lesson - Friday

Homework 14/10 DUE 21/10 Plan and write a 15 mark essay: To what extent does the development of a country change the impact from earthquakes. (15) Use at least 4 examples to help you answer, as well as models and theories where appropriate.