ENGLISH I GRAMMAR NOTES APOSTROPHE, QUOTATIONS MARKS, HYPHENS, DASHES, and other important PUNCTUATION MARKS

Rules for APOSTROPHE MARKS The rules that follow show us how to properly use APOSTROPHE MARKS. We will need to know how to properly use quotation marks for the English I state exam.

APOSTROPHE MARKS

APOSTROPHE MARKS

APOSTROPHE MARKS

Rules for QUOTATION MARKS The rules that follow show us how to properly use QUOTATION MARKS. We will need to know how to properly use quotation marks for the English I state exam.

QUOTATION MARKS

QUOTATION MARKS

QUOTATION MARKS

The Hyphen A hyphen is a very short horizontal line between words. Note that there is no space between a hyphen and the character on either side of it. Do not confuse a hyphen (-) with a dash (-), which is longer. 1. Use a hyphen to join words to show that their meaning is linked in some way: book-case (or bookcase), race-horse (or racehorse), pick-me-up 2. Use a hyphen to make compound modifiers before nouns: a blue-eyed boy (but The boy was blue eyed.) The well-known actor (but The actor is well known.) Their four-year-old son (but Their son is four years old.) 3. Use a hyphen with certain prefixes. The prefixes all-, ex-, and self- usually need a hyphen: all-inclusive, ex-wife, self-control

THE DASH THE DASH SHOULD BE USED TO INDICATE A SUDDEN CHANGE OF IDEAS, BUT SHOULD BE USED SPARINGLY. THE DASH MAY BE USED FOR EMPHASIS OR FOR VISUAL EFFECT. 1. USE THE DASH TO INDICATE AN ABRUPT CHANGE OF THOUGHT IN A SENTENCE OR STRONG PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSIONS. EXAMPLE: SHE FEELS – HOW CAN I SAY THAT? – LIKE AN OUTCAST. 2.  USE THE DASH TO SET OFF A SUMMARY OR AN AFTERTHOUGHT THAT IS ADDED TO A SENTENCE. EXAMPLE: THE EDUCATIONAL TEAM WILL MAKE AN EVALUATION AND DRAW UP A PLAN – IN FACT, THEY WILL PROVIDE A COMPLETE SPECIAL PROGRAM FOR THE CHILD. 3.  USE THE DASH TO EMPHASIZE A WORD OR PHRASE THAT IS REPEATED. EXAMPLE: THE PRESIDENT STATED THAT WE HAD ONE WEEK – ONE WEEK ONLY – TO MAKE A DECISION. 4.   USE A DASH TO MARK LIMITS BETWEEN DATES, NUMBERS, PLACES, AND TIMES. EXAMPLE: THE ADMISSIONS OFFICE IS OPEN 9:00 – 4:30 DAILY.  

OTHER PUNCTUATION MARKS TO KNOW FOR THE STATE EXAM: 1. QUESTION MARKS: Use a question mark only after a direct question. Examples: Will you go with me? 2. Exclamation Mark: Use the exclamation point to show emphasis or surprise. Do not use the exclamation point in formal business writing.   Example: I'm truly shocked by your behavior! 3. COMMAS: Refer to your notes from the first nine weeks. 4. SEMI-COLONS: Refer to your notes from the first nine weeks. 5. COLONS: Refer to your notes from the first nine weeks.

Have you seen my English book Emmy? asked Justin. Annas favorite sport is surfing. Michael cant stand being bored. Dont stand too close to the water Brianna told Brooke and Haley. Summers favorite subject is world history.

Winters the best time of the year Raheem shouted with joy. Selena said that she couldnt sleep at all last night because she was excited about school. Justus party was last night. Is that Bryans hat? Dillon asked Taishaun. Cameron played a great game of golf last night Stephen. said to Tyler.

Quinn and Scott werent happy about the games final score. I dont care what you think James said to Walter Duke is the best team ever. Nicoles favorite holiday is Thanksgiving, but Jarreds favorite holiday is Halloween. Darren wasnt worried about the exams; he knew that hed pass. Its crazy to watch a dog chase it’s own tail.