World Music S2 Unit 1

Introduction You should complete your World Music Passport book as you work through the unit. Don’t forget to complete each section and colour in the flag for that particular country!

World Music INTRODUCTION World music is traditional music (sometimes called folk music) of any culture that is created and played by indigenous musicians, or are closely informed or guided by indigenous music of the regions of their origin. Indigenous people are an ethnic group who live in the area with which they have the earliest historical connection, e.g. Australian aborigines.

LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

Latin American Music LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC Latin America is a name given to the countries in the continent of America, where Spanish and Portuguese are the main languages. These languages come from the ancient language of Latin, hence the name ‘Latin America’. Here is a map of Latin America, you can see there are several countries that make up this area of the world. LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

Latin America Different styles of Latin American music have been developed across the different countries which make up South America. We are going to learn about: Brazilian Samba Cuban Salsa Panpipes from Peru/Bolivia Steel Drums from Trinidad & Tobago

Brazil

Watch THIS example of Samba Brazilian Samba Watch THIS example of Samba

Samba Samba is a Brazilian dance and musical genre originating from African and European roots. It is recognized around the world as a symbol of Brazil and the Brazilian Carnival. Considered one of the most popular Brazilian cultural expressions, the samba has become an icon of Brazilian identity.

Brazilian children playing Samba

Samba Instruments If you’ve ever heard a samba band you might have noticed that the band leader uses a whistle to give instructions to the band. This whistle is called apito and it is used at specific moments during the performance. Every piece starts with a basic rhythm and then there is a change - this is called a “break” and the band leader announces it with the apito.

SAMBA CARNIVAL DE PARIS A lively dance originating in Brazil 2 or 4 beats in the bar Uses syncopation Extensive use of percussion instruments CARNIVAL DE PARIS

CUBA

Watch THIS example of Salsa Music Cuban Salsa Watch THIS example of Salsa Music

Salsa Salsa represents a mix of Latin musical genres, but its main component is Cuban dance music. It originated in Cuba but has African and Spanish influences It has a pulsing, energetic rhythm that inspires people to dance

Salsa SALSA Has a time signature of 4 beats in the bar Uses call & response vocals. The leader sings a line (the call) and is answered by a chorus (the response) The most important feature of Salsa is the percussion section SALSA

Percussion Guiro Castanets Bongo Drums Percussion plays a huge part in Latin American Music There are a lot of UNTUNED percussion instruments, such as Guiro Castanets Bongo Drums

Salsa SYNCOPATED ON THE BEAT Salsa Music heavily features SYNCOPATION SYNCOPATION - Strongly accented notes playing off or against the beat The musical example below shows a steady beat in the bass clef and a syncopated rhythm in the treble clef. SYNCOPATED ON THE BEAT

JAMAICA

Jamaican Reggae Watch THIS example of Reggae Music

Jamaican Reggae Reggae was first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. It is most easily recognised by the rhythmic accents on the off-beat, usually played by guitar This pattern accents the second and fourth beat in each bar. There are 4 beats in a bar.

Bob Marley Bob Marley, born in 1945 in Jamaica is the most famous reggae musician. He and his friends formed a band called The Wailing Wailers Marley sold more than 20 million records making him the first international superstar to emerge from the so-called Third World His song Three Little Birds has appeared in many films, such as Shark Tale, I Am Legend and Marley and Me. He died of cancer in 1981

PERU

Panpipes The panpipes are an ancient and traditional instrument associated with music from Peru, Equador and Brazil. Each set of pipes consists of a number (usually 10 or more) of hollow tubes which are closed at the bottom and open at the top PANPIPES

Panpipes The Lonely Shepherd The pipes of the pan pipes are typically made from bamboo or giant reed, although other materials include wood, plastic and metal. The pipes are carefully cut and shaped to tune them – longer tubes provide deeper pitched notes and shorter ones play higher pitched notes. They are played by blowing across the top, producing a gentle, flute-like, sound. The soundtrack from Kill Bill features panpipes: The Lonely Shepherd

Trinidad & Tobago

Listen to THIS example of Steel Drums

Steel Drums There was a huge gang culture in Trinidad & Tobago. During Carnival in 1935 a riot broke out and a gang leader banged his unique rhythm out with a dustbin lid, alerting his gang of the trouble – eventually resulting in steel drums being produced! Steel drums or "pans" are made from 55 gallon oil barrels. They are still hand made, one at a time.

Steel Drums UNDER THE SEA Steel drums were invented in Trinidad and Tobago in the 1940s, where people used oil drums to make something called ‘pans’. The top of each oil drum was hammered into different shaped panels to make different pitches of sound. Here is a picture showing how the notes are ‘hammered in’ to the drum.

The player uses Rolls, where the beaters are used alternately on one note to create a sustained sound. Caribbean music is full of syncopation. Steel bands often play calypso tunes but can also play folk and classical music.

Calypso Jamaica Farewell Originally the national dance of Trinidad and Tobago, calypso is particularly associated with carnival. 4 Beats per Bar with syncopation three-beat rhythms - two long beats followed by a short beat uses call and response simple harmony verse and chorus songs Jamaica Farewell

Ghana

Ghanaian Drum Ensemble Listen to THIS example of Ghanaian Drumming

Africa Black African music was brought to America with the African slaves and was combined with the folk music of the European settlers to produce new styles of music such as blues, gospel and jazz. These went on to form the basis of pop music today. African people have their own styles of music which vary across the country. We will focus on the African country of Ghana.

African Music The music of the Ewe people of the West African country of Ghana centres around percussion instruments. A Ghanaian drum ensemble is made up of drums, shakers and bells which play interweaving rhythms called cross rhythms when they perform together. Cross rhythm is the effect produced when two conflicting rhythms are heard together.

African Music AFRICAN MUSIC In Africa, music is part of everyday activities. Everyone joins in clapping, singing and dancing to the music. Music also forms an important part of rites and ceremonies where it is performed by specialist master drummers and court musicians. It is not normally written down but is taught by rote and is passed down through the generations. AFRICAN MUSIC

African Music A Cross rhythm is the effect produced when two conflicting rhythms are heard together. Cross rhythms have also been used in Western classical music, with composers such as Chopin, Schubert, Tchaikovsky and Prokofiev all using cross rhythms in their piano and orchestral music.

CROSS RHYTHMS With a partner, try creating some cross rhythms by clapping: One person claps triplet quavers (straw-ber-ry) while the other claps quavers (cof-fee), then swap. One person claps steady quavers with no accents while the other claps quavers with an accent on every third one, then swap. Your teacher will lead a class performance of cross rhythms

A Cappella A Cappella is a style of singing used all across the World. Singing which is unaccompanied Ladysmith Black Mambazo The Lion Sleeps Tonight

India

Listen to THIS example of Indian Music

Indian Music There are many different styles of music in India, including North Indian (Hindustani) classical music and bhangra dance music. There are many Indian musical instruments, with the most popular and recognisable being the sitar and the tabla. The Indian classical music tradition spans centuries and remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment.

Ravi Shankar Ravi Shankar (1920-2012) was an Indian musician and composer who played the sitar. He is possibly the best-known contemporary Indian musician. In 1956, he began to tour Europe and the Americas playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with rock artist George Harrison of the After his death, he was awarded two Grammy awards in 2013, one for lifetime achievement, another for The Living Room Sessions Part 1 in the world music category.

Indian Music – The Sitar The sitar is a plucked string instrument which has a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber to produce a rich sound with complex harmonic resonance.

Indian Music – The Tabla Often played alongside the sitar is the tabla. The tabla is a percussion instrument used in the classical, popular and religious music genres of Indian music. It consists of two hand drums of contrasting sizes and timbres. SITAR AND TABLA

Listen to THIS example of Gospel Music

What are the influences in Popular American Music?

Early days of America In 1619, the first Africans were brought to the state of Virginia. They were taken from their happy homes and were forced into crowded ships. When they arrived in America, they were treated very poorly.

The slaves were sold at auctions. They didn’t speak the language of the new land, and they were separated from their families.

They were forced to do hard labour They were forced to do hard labour. To make the time go by faster, they began singing songs. Following African custom, a leader sang and the other workers sang along, trying to catch the rhythm that would soothe them in their work. This was the first African American musical form: THE WORK SONG.

Famous spirituals include One of the earliest forms of American folk songs is the SPIRITUAL. No one knows who wrote these songs – they were handed down through generations. Famous spirituals include • This Little Light Of Mine Swing Low, Sweet Chariot • When the Saints Go Marching In • He’s Got the Whole World In His Hands

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

GOSPEL MUSIC Gospel music began as church-based 'praise music'. It was similar to the work songs, but sung in church as slaves began to take part in Christian forms of worship. They were 'call and response' style hymns and developed harmony as different parts sung as a group. Early Gospel Music Modern Gospel Music

Rap Music America

RAP - Ghetto Beat The roots of rap go back to the blues and African music. RAP was born in the ghetto streets and underground clubs, and is the voice of restless young African Americans. The first rap song to reach the top of the charts was 1979’s “Rapper’s Delight”. The Sugarhill Gang

RAP - Ghetto Beat Rap music exploded in the 1980’s, thanks to the African American community. A rap song is based on a short musical idea, and repeated over and over (OSTINATO/RIFF). The words often describe the reality of ghetto life in harsh language, along with expressions of pride in African American identity. GANGSTER’S PARADISE

RAPPING FRESH PRINCE OF BEL AIR Spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics, which are performed in time to a beat. The rhythm and rhymes of the lyrics and how they interact is called the “flow”. Lyrics often use alliteration, similes and metaphors. The instrumental parts are often built around an OSTINATO or RIFF

Lesson 21 Think about your work rate throughout this unit. What 2 things have you done very well and if you could go back and do something differently, what would it be and why?  

Lesson 22 Complete the evaluation page in your profile booklet.