Groups

PAPER TOPICS DISCUSSED!!

What is a group? What is a group? Size? Purpose? Time? Number of members? Frequency? Is a dyad a group? What makes a group, groupier? (entitativity) What do groups do for us? Who joins groups? What defines a group’s structure? Do we want a cohesive or noncohesive group? Why has group research declined?

Group development Moreland & Levine, 1982 Tuckman, 1965 Investigation Socialization Maintenance Resocialization Remembrance Tuckman, 1965 Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning Trace these through a group you know of How are they similar and different?

Punctuated Equilibrium Model (Gersick, 1988) Task forces Phase 1 Phase 2 Relation to team coaching (Hackman & Wageman, 2005) Team building

Other examples of group research Schachter (1951) deviates study (Johnny Rocko) Group affiliation and Schachter (1959) study on social comparison theory Social facilitation Triplett, 1898 Zajonc’s 1965 cockroaches Social loafing Ringelmann, 1876 Latané, Williams, and Harkins, 1979 Coordination losses vs. motivation losses How can you reduce social loafing? Brainstorming Deindividuation

Group tasks Group Task Circumplex (McGrath, 1984; Figure 12.2) Steiner (1972) typology: Divisible vs. unitary Maximizing or optimizing Additive, compensatory, conjunctive, disjunctive, complementary

When are groups good vs. bad? When are groups better than or worse than individuals? When is diversity good/bad? Cohesion? Why does group polarization occur? How does the shared information bias affect decision making?

Kohler effect (Kerr) Social compensation What increases its likelihood?

Groupthink (Janis, 1952) strong group cohesion   strong group cohesion insulation from outside infl homogeneity of attitudes a directive leader high stress poor decision-making proced low situational member SE illusion of invulnerability belief in the moral correctness of group stereotyped views of out-group self-censorship direct pressure on dissenters to conform illusion of unanimity mindguards incomplete survey of alts failure to examine risks of the favored alternative poor info search failure to develop contingency plan biased assessment of risks, costs, benefits, and moral implications failure to reconsider later

Baron’s (2005) ubiquity approach Only antecedents are: Sense of social identity Salient norms Low situational self-efficacy Symptoms: Conformity Suppress dissent Pluralistic ignorance Ingroup favoritism Group polarization Hidden profile effect Examples?

Social sharedness Tindale, Smith, Dykema-Engblade, & Kluwe, 2012 Two types Shared preferences Shared task representations Others? According to this approach, when will group decisions be good vs. bad?

Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1978) How did this theory evolve and how did it differ from other theories of the time? Psychological processes Social categorization Social comparison Social identification Group distinctiveness Minimal groups paradigm How can people deal with devalued identity?

Expansions on SIT Hogg and Abrams “self-esteem hypothesis” Brewer’s optimal distinctiveness theory Swann’s fusion theory

More Social Identity Theory (the “other SIT”) How do SIT and SCT differ? What is a social identity? What motivates us to have social ids? What are your social IDs? What affects what is salient? Can more than 1 be at a time? What are some examples/applications?

Relate social identity theory to System justification Groupthink Group polarization Conformity

Leadership What makes a good leader? Contingency vs. situational theory Lewin et al. (1939) autocratic vs. democratic vs. laissez-faire leaders How do women fair as leaders? What do followers give leaders? How does social identity theory explain leadership? How do these approaches explain reactions to our leaders?

Leadership and group relations What things from other articles were echoed in Hogg, 2015? When groups work together without prejudice—is it more due to top-down or bottom-up processes? How long does coming together for a common goal last? How can you reduce the effects of categorization? What are some things to consider with recategorization?

Model of intergroup leadership (Hogg et al., 2012) Why is it so hard to reduce intergroup conflict from a social identity perspective? What should you do to try to reduce it? What are the differences between personal, collective, interpersonal relational, and intergroup relational identities? Scale p. 191 What are advantages of a dual identity vs. intergroup relational identity approach? How can leaders build intergroup relational identity?

Social identity vs. social sharedness Explain the assumptions/predictions of each approach How would you use the two together to create a situation for better decision making in a workgroup? Relate each to evolutionary processes

Application Two companies merging—deciding on new processes Putting people into ethnically diverse groups to decide how to handle diversity issues at a university Deciding how to market a new product Using skype to discuss a class project

Next week--relationships Chapter + 3 articles