Bone Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries The Skeletal System Bone Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries

Overview Three divisions for our discussion Types of fractures Postural Deformities Conditions and Diseases

Fractures Are cracks or breaks within the bone They can result from extreme loads, sudden impacts, stresses from unusual directions and disease The severity of a fracture depends upon its location and the damage done to the bone and tissue near it As long as circulation is maintained and the periosteum survives, bone will heal There are several types of fractures within four categories

Categories of Fractures Displaced: fractures in which the broken surfaces of bone are forced from their normal positions Various types of displaced fractures Are classified by the angle and the strength of the blow Non-displaced: fractures in which the bone cracks either partially or completely but maintains its proper alignment Open: fractures in which the bone breaks through the skin Closed: fractures in which the bone breaks but there is no puncture or open wound through the skin

Types of Fractures A Greenstick fracture is an incomplete break or bending of the bone Most common in children whose bones are still flexible A transverse fracture is when the broken piece of bone is at a right angle to the bone’s axis Such fractures are usually stable and the broken surfaces are unlikely to move A comminuted fracture results from a direct impact shattering the bone into several fragments Most common in traffic accidents

Types of Fractures A buckled fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other. As known as an impacted fracture Commonly seen in arm fractures of children An oblique fracture is when the break has a curved or sloped pattern Spiral fractures happen when a sharp, twisting force breaks a bone diagonally across the shaft Compression: fractures that occur when spongy bone is crushed

Types of Fractures Stress: fractures caused by prolonged or repeated force straining the bone which develops a hairline crack A pathologic fracture is caused by a disease that weakens the bones Compound fractures are a type of open fracture in which the bone protrudes through the skin

Comminuted Fracture Greenstick Fracture Transverse Fracture Spiral Fracture

Scoliosis Is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty The majority of cases are idiopathic, meaning that the cause is unknown Although it appears to involve hereditary factors because the disorder tends to run in families It is more prevalent in teenagers and females Approximately 7 million people in United States

Scoliosis

Kyphosis Is the curvature of the upper spine Also called Hunchback or Humpback It is a progressive spinal disorder that can affect children or adults It can result from degenerative disease, developmental problems, osteoporosis, or trauma

Kyphosis

Lordosis Is the excessive curvature of the spine in the lower back Also called swayback This leads to excess pressure on the spine, causing pain People with it have visible arch in their lower backs, with a “C” shape It appears in childhood without any known cause It can potentially result from poor posture, obesity, osteoporosis and achondroplasia

Lordosis

Osteoporosis Is a disorder in which bones become weaker and are more likely to fracture It is a silent disease It develops when the rate at which fibers, minerals, and cells are broken down is faster than the rate at which new tissue is formed Risk factors include: aging, smoking, rheumatoid arthritis, being small & thin, family history, certain medications, being a white or Asian woman, overactive thyroid, or having osteopenia (low bone mass) Preventive measures include taking calcium and vitamin D in your early years in life

Osteoporosis

Osteogenesis imperfecta Also known as brittle bone disease It is a genetic disorder in which bones break easily due to a defect in the gene for the production of collagen It can also cause weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine and hearing loss There is no cure and treatments are limited to exercise, pain medications, physical therapy, wheelchairs, braces, and surgery

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteomyelitis Is an infection of the bone or bone marrow It affects 2 out of every 10,000 people Most commonly caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus Generally affects young and elderly people, those with reduced immunity, and sickle-cell anemics Treatment is prolonged antibiotic therapy

Osteomyelitis

Osteonecrosis Also known as aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, and ischemic necrosis Literal translation means “death of the bone” Happens when your bones lose their blood supply It is most common in the upper leg, upper arm, knees, shoulders and ankles Affects both men and women of any age Cause of the disease is not known but risk factors include: long-term steroid use, alcohol abuse, joint injuries, and other diseases

Osteonecrosis

Paget’s Disease Is also known as Osteitis defomans This disease causes your bones to grow larger and weaker than normal It can also lead to other health problems such as, arthritis and hearing loss It can be in any bone but it is most common in the spine, pelvis, skull, and legs More men than women are affect by the disease and it is more common in people over the age of 50 Its cause is unknown but it tends to run in families It is treated with medicine and sometimes surgery

Spina Bifida Is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or the structures surrounding it Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of the embryo's spine fail to join together, leaving an open area In some cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back The condition usually is detected before a baby is born and treated right away The causes of spina bifida are largely unknown Incidence is 6 per 100,000 births

Spina Bifida

Disk Prolapse Is also known as a herniated or slipped disk It is the protrusion from one of the shock- absorbing pads between the vertebrae It happens when the outer layer of the cartilage disk ruptures causing some of the core material to bulge out It can be caused by an accident, normal wear and tear with aging, or excessive pressure from awkward lifting

Disk Prolapse

Bunions Consists of inflamed, thickened soft tissue and bony outgrowths at the base of the big toe It is usually caused by hallux valgus, in which the big toe bends in toward the other toes It is more common in women and runs in families When severe, it can be corrected with surgery

Bone Spurs Are bony projections that develop along the edges of bones Also known as osteophytes, they often form in your joints Common locations for bone spurs are in the heel bone of the foot, around joints that have degenerated cartilage, and in the spine adjacent to degenerated discs The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage associated with osteoarthritis or inflammation Most bone spurs cause no If treatment is required, then over-the counter painkillers are used or in more severe cases surgical removal.

Bone Spurs

Bursitis Is the inflammation of the bursa, which is the cushioning pad at or near a joint It causes pain, redness, and swelling Prolonged or repeated pressure, or sudden excessive stress at a joint can cause it Risk factors include: rheumatoid arthritis, gout, previous joint injury, or repetitive motion of a joint Treatments include: rest, anti-inflammatory drugs, draining excess synovial fluid, and corticosteroids

Shoulder Bursitis

Arthritis Is inflammation of the joints Three main types: Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoarthritis Also called degenerative joint disease Is the most common form of arthritis The disease breaks down cartilage in your joints, causing your bones to rub together, damaging the joint and causing pain Over time, the joint experiences restricted movement It is usually localized to 1 joint Risk factors include: being overweight, aging, and joint injuries It is most common in people over the age of 60

Rheumatoid Arthritis Also known as RA Causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints It is more common in women than men and it starts between the ages of 25 and 55 Symptoms can come and go or last a lifetime It is an autoimmune disease, which means it results from your own immune system attacking your body’s tissues Its cause is believed to be a combination of genetics and environmental influences Treatment includes: anti-inflammatory drugs and immunity-suppressing drugs

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Also known as JRA, Still’s disease, & childhood arthritis Happens in children age 16 or younger Symptoms come and go in flare-ups It is an autoimmune disorder that can go into remission or remain for a lifetime (becoming RA) It can also cause growth problems in children

osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

Bone Cancer Two main types of bone cancer: Primary cancer which originates within a bone Secondary cancer which originates somewhere else in the body and spreads (metastases) to bone Surgery, amputation, chemotherapy and radiation are the common treatments

Primary Bone Cancer Is very rare It is most likely to occur in children and adolescents Osteosarcoma: is primary bone cancer that happens in growing bones between ages 10 and 25 It affects the long bones of the body Chrondrosarcoma: is primary bone cancer that starts in the cartilage It usually happens after age 50 It affects the pelvis, ribs and breastbone

Secondary Bone Cancer Is more frequent than primary bone cancer It is usually the result of cancer cells spreading from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body It is more likely to occur in older people Cancers in the breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, and prostate most often lead to secondary bone cancer One type of secondary bone cancer: Ewing’s sarcoma: begins in the nerve tissue within the bone marrow of young people after treatment with radiation or chemotherapy for other cancers