20th Century and Beyond

Post War World The Cold War

The Cold War

Begins with Germany Germany’s armed forces were disbanded and the Nazi party was outlawed In Western Germany, Allies helped set up political parties and assisted Germans in writing a federal Constitution. In 1949, West Germany regained self-government and named itself the Federal Republic of Germany

Competing Ideologies United States Soviet Union Democracy Soviet Union Communism Wanted to spread democracy & capitalism to Eastern Europe. NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization. U.S. & several Western European Countries. Occupy Eastern Europe & turned countries into satellites (puppet states), to protect the Soviet Union from invasion from the west. Warsaw Pact-Soviet Union & Eastern European satellite countries.

Vs. Democracy Communism Freedom of Press Freedom of Religion People join parties and run for elections People own businesses Government control Media = Censorship Businesses Promote good for the whole One party leadership

U.S. Policies CONTAINMENT -Policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and preventing the expansion of Communism. TRUMAN DOCTRINE- Money given by U.S. to countries that resisted communism. MARSHALL PLAN- Post WWII assistance program, in which, the U.S. would provide, food, machines, and other materials to “any” country that needed it.

Soviet Response BERLIN BLOCKADE & AIRLIFT 1948- Soviets closed all road and rail links to Berlin. The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed the West Berliners. This caused the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1949 BERLIN WALL 1961- East German government built a wall that separated East Berlin from West Berlin. Soldiers shot anyone that tried to escape East Berlin

Results in Cold War Early in 1946 Stalin declares that communism & capitalism could not exist in the same world. War between the U.S. & U.S.S.R. was certain.

Big Events of the Cold War Korean War Cuban Revolution Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Arms Race Space Race Fall of Communism

Korean War After World War II Korea was divided the 38th parallel North Korea, occupied Soviet forces South Korea occupied by American forces. Communist invaded the south in 1950 UN forces prevented takeover of South Korea.

Cuban Revolution In 1959 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba. He nationalized businesses and executed opponents, transforming Cuba into a Communist state. He threatened to spread Communism to other Latin American countries. Bay of Pigs - In 1961 U.S. trained Cuban exiles unsuccessfully invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 1962 the U. S. discovered Cuba was secretly building bases to install Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads. John F. Kennedy (U.S.) ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and threatened and invasion Khrushchev (USSR)agreed to withdraw the missiles for a pledge that the U.S. would not invade Cuba.

Vietnam War 1954-1975 French withdrew from Indochina in 1954 Vietnam was divided. Ho Chi Minh founded communist North Vietnam South Vietnam (U.S.) Communists known as Vietcong attack South U.S. entered the conflict to resist communism. In 1973 U.S. troops withdrew Paris Peace Accords. 1975 the South fell to the North

Arms Race U.S. Atomic Bomb during WWII. Soviet scientists developed one in 1949. Next 40 years Superpowers (U.S. & USSR) spend huge amounts of money make more dangerous weapons Tensions between the two countries Raised the fears among people

Space Race In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a satellite, into orbit around the Earth. Soon after the United States established NASA. In 1958 the U.S. launched first satellite. In 1961, the Soviets - first man into space. In 1969 the U.S. was the first nation to put a man on the moon. Soviets and Americans explored the use of satellites for military purposes.

Fall of Communism Russian communist grip begins to loosen due to poor economy and global pressure. LOW WORKER MORALE FOOD SHORTAGES NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY COST OF THE WAR GLOBAL PRESSURE FOR FREEDOM

Mikhail Gorbachev GLASNOST - means “openness” Free flow of ideas, no censorship Religious freedom Public criticism of gov’t Contested elections (secret ballots) Release of political prisoners Books freely printed

Mikhail Gorbachev PERESTROIKA - means “restructuring” Some private property Some small business –profits Some Free trade Local managers more control and authority over farms and factories

Post Cold War World 1970 – Present

Massive Global Decolonization

These nations are the HAVES they are Rich and Powerful Italy USA Russia Britain Germany France

Massive Global Decolonization French out of Vietnam African nations negotiated treaties with imperialist masters Breeds conflict among new nations Borders not defined Ethnic struggles for power Hutu’s vs. Tutsi’s in Rwanda British out of India Ghandi

China Becomes Communist after WWII 1949 Leader Moa Zedong Isolate from the world 1976 New Leader Deng Xiaoping blend into a socialist market 1989Tiananmen Square Reform movement by young generation

Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Genocide Convention, 1948 Armenian 1918 Jewish Holocaust 1930’s-1940’s Cambodia-Pol Pot 1975-1979 Rwanda, 1994 Child Labor, Soldiers, Slavery

Global Interdependence

International Organizations United Nations - peace NAFTA – trade WTO - trade European Union

Modern Transportation Faster more reliable Communication is instantaneous Mass media power All increase trade and global interconnection

Spread of “Pop” Culture Popular culture = western (U.S.) fads and fashions TV Sports Clothing Movies

International Trade and Business Large global corporations Nations operating inside other nations International Organizations OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Causes major problems among trading nations

Social Changes Class, religious, racial, gender, and sexual orientation, reforms worldwide

Social Reforms Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women) Civil rights movements globally U.S. Martin Luther King Jr. India Gandhi Both used Non-Violent methods Anti-apartheid (separation) South Africa Nelson Mandela

Political Reforms Disarmament SDI – strategic defense initiative Global networks to alert of “dangerous people”

Terrorism Al Qaeda –Osama Bin Laden Hamas in Israel Hezbollah in Lebanon Suicide bombers-Israel and Iraq

“Hunt down terrorist and those who harbor them” Bush Doctrine State-sponsored terrorism – training and arming extremist to carry out attacks. “Hunt down terrorist and those who harbor them” Patriot Act Allows secret searches Wiretap suspects Email, voice mail, library records Department of Homeland Security TSA

Environmental Concerns Rachel Carson – begins study of ecology – relationship between living things and their environment Population growth is hurting the environment Two problems: Deforestation – clearing forest for farmland Desertification – turning good land into bad land

Environmental Issues Global warming Kyoto Protocol Release of gases Aerosol cans, refrigerators, etc Destroys ozone layer Creates GREENHOUSE effect Kyoto Protocol Agreement to reduce emissions signed by 150 nations (not U.S.)

Advances in Medicine Heart Transplants (Dr. Chris Barnard) First in Cape Town South Africa. New Vaccines Influenza Small Pox New diseases HIV/Aids Cancer Brain research

Communications Explosion Internet The World Wide Web developed in 1990’s Satellites Cable TV Cell Phones Computers IBM makes 1st in 1948 (IBM 1401)