PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920 A21w 9.2.13

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Who were the Progressives? What reforms did they seek? How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

Progressivism WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” WHO? “Progressives” 1901 1917 1920s WHO? “Progressives” urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women WHY? Address the problems arising from: industrialization (big business, labor strife) urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) immigration (ethnic diversity) inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

Progressivism HOW? WHAT are their goals? Value of Expert Opinion Democracy – government accountable to the people Regulation of corporations & monopolies Social justice – workers, poor, minorities Environmental protection HOW? Value of Expert Opinion Use Collective Action Inform using Publications--muckrakers Pressure on legislatures to pass laws Pragmatism – William James, John Dewey ( Darwinism) (Cf. scientific management/Taylor) wikipedia

White boards! Why is voting important for Democracy to work?

STATE POLITICAL REFORM Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876-1920

Muckrakers* Journalistic “Voice” of Progressives Investigative journalists – Expose corruption and other problems that needed to be addressed, researched based investigative journalism. vs Yellow journalism: is a type of journalism that presents un-researched news,uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (video) Lincoln Stephen’s The Shame of the Cities Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Co. * coined by T. Roosevelt

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day improved safety & health conditions in factories workers compensation laws minimum wage laws unionization child labor laws Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913

State Social Reform: Child Labor “Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911 Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908 (1) Description: Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908. Photographer, Lewis W. Hine; Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail272.html (2) Description: Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908. The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily . photographer, Lewis W. Hine;Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail273.html (3) The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress); Pageant 13e History Companion (4) Lewis W. Hine. Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911.;"On other side of shed still younger children were working. Out of sixty working,... I counted 15 apparently under 12 years of age. Some 3, 4, and 5 years old were picking too.... Boss said they went to work at 3 A.M. and would quit about 3 or 4 P.M." ; PBS American Photography Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911 Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

Excerpt from The Jungle by upton sinclair “There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerine and dumped into the hoppers and made over again for home consumption . . . There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from the leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it . . . These rats were a nuisance, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.”

TEMPERANCE Excessive drinking resulted in a dramatic increase in domestic violence and on the job injuries. The Temperance movement urged the reduced or prohibited use of alcoholic beverages. Was temporarily successful (passage of the 18th amendment, outlawed sale and production of alcohol. Frances Willard (1838-98), leader of the WCTU http://prohibition.osu.edu/Willard/; http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/asl/OhioDry1.htm Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION Eighteenth Amendment Henretta, America’s History 4e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

Four Corners What was the most important reform of the Progressive movement? A. Labor laws(child labor, wages, safety) B. Restricting corrupt big business (trusts/monopolies) C. Food safety regulations (sanitation in meat plants) D. Temperance movement (ban on alcohol)

Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents NATIONAL REFORM Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How effective were Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform (change) at the national level in the period 1900-1920? (2003B DBQ)

Assassination of President McKinley, Sept 6, 1901 Description: Assassination of William McKinley. Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver, at Pan-American Exposition reception, Sept. 6th, 1901. Keywords: Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail261.html

Theodore Roosevelt: the “accidental President” Republican (1901-1909) Wadsworth.com (portrait and on horseback); Underwood and Underwood. Theodore Roosevelt Addressing a Crowd, 1901-09. Collection of The New-York Historical Society. PBS- American Photography (The New-York Historical Society)

Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” Square Deal: domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens. Trusts: Multiple businesses consolidated under one company (leads to Monopolies) Newlands Reclamation Act (1902): Dams for irrigating 16 states, 150 million acres reserved for public Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): forbade the manufacture, sale and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs. Meat Inspection Act (1906): Federal inspection and regulation of minimum standards of sanitation. Wadsworth.com (both) Anthracite miners at Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1900

Consumer Protection Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Meat Inspection Act (1906) Wadsworth.com (stockyards, Meatpacking workers); Brinkley 11e Instructor Resource CD (The Jungle); Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done“; Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking. (Utica Saturday Globe) Pageant 13e Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 1905 "A nauseating job, but it must be done"

Roosevelt & Conservation Whiteboard: Can you name any national parks?? Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907 Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907; The two friends and allies in the conservation cause aboard the steamboat Mississippi on a 1907 tour with the Inland Waterways Commission. (Library of Congress)’; [Pageant 13e History Companion] Description: Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California, c1906;Credit: Library of Congress; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail268.html Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir at Yosemite 1906

CONSERVATION: National Parks and Forests Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

William Howard Taft President 1909-13 Republican This postcard depicts how President Theodore Roosevelt, in command of the Republican Party, persuaded his friend William Howard Taft to run for president in 1908. Taft was not eager for that office, but Roosevelt succeeded in convincing him to seek it. With Roosevelt's strong support, Taft was elected, but he proved a disappointment to Roosevelt. (Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent) Postcard with Taft cartoon

Taft as the Big Guy Poor leader – not charismatic like TR Lost progressive support over tariffs Yet, more antitrust suits than TR Yet, more conservation than TR

Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson Progressive Party (“Bull Moose party”) “New Nationalism” Wilson: Wadsworth.com; Description: Theodore Roosevelt as an opera singer who wins the favor of "Miss Insurgency", while Robert La Follette watches in disgust. 03/18/1912. Artist, Berryman, Clifford K.;Credit: National Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail277.html Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt cartoon, March 1912

1912 Presidential Election wadsworth

Wilson Woodrow Wilson “New Freedom” wanted more reform on big business Underwood Simmons Tariff: Lower tariffs/taxes on 100 items Sixteenth Amendment: Federal income tax Clayton Anti-Trust Act: strengthen govs. power to stop monopolies Wadsworth.com Wilson at the peak of his power

RACE RELATIONS

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discri-mination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each of these strategies (considering the context in which each was developed)? (1989 DBQ edited)

Black Population, 1920 Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

African-Americans Booker T. Washington: Take a lower status to white temporarily, train for technical jobs not collage W.E.B. Du Bois: Did not agree with BTW, fight for equality! -Founded NAACP W.E.B. Du Bois BTW: http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/ndhistory/LessonImages/Sources/Pictures/Booker%20T%20Washington.jpg; Du Bois: Wadsworth.com Booker T. Washington

WOMEN & SUFFRAGE

ESSENTIAL QUESTION To what extent did economic and political developments as well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period 1890-1925? (1997 DBQ)

WOMEN: the fight to vote “women’s professions” “new woman” clubwomen A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.) http://www.nmwh.org/ProgressiveEra/gfwcpictures.html The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food, nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

Woman suffrage before 1920 Thomson Wadsworth Wadsworth.com

Women’s Suffrage National Woman’s Party Nineteenth Amendment Equal Rights Amendment Suffragette Banner 1918 Description: Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. The first picket line - College day in the picket line line, 1917;Credit: Library of Congress. http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail294.html; Description: The 19th amendment; Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail317.html 19th Amendment National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917 (All: Library of Congress)

Evaluating the Progressive Era Successes ?? Failures ??