TEHNOLOGIA MATERIALELOR II (TCM) MICROTEHNOLOGII (IEI) TCM, IEI, ISE, an II TEHNOLOGIA MATERIALELOR II (TCM) MICROTEHNOLOGII (IEI) TEHNOLOGIA MATERIALELOR (ISE) CURS 10 (saptamana 11) Conf. dr. ing. Gabriela STRNAD gabriela.strnad@ing.upm.ro http://magnum.engineering.upm.ro/~gabriela.strnad/

Recapitulare Material: X5CrNi18-10 (1.4301, AISI 304) Filet exterior: M20 x 1 – 6g Abateri limită pentru diametrul exterior: tolerante filete.PDF filete metrice.PDF 19,794 ... 19,974 mm În interior se montează senzor de monitorizare a coroziunii http://www.cosasco.com/cosasco-system-access-fitting-assemblies-p-1-l-en.html

GREȘIT !!!  0,5 mm CORECT !!! + 0 - 0,052 mm Recapitulare Semifabricat aprovizionat: Bară laminata la cald  20 mm GREȘIT !!! SR EN 10060 dimensiuni dupa SR EN.pdf Abateri limită:  0,5 mm Semifabricat care ar fi trebuit aprovizionat: Bară trasă la rece  20 h9 CORECT !!! SR EN 10278 iso_roundbar_tolerances.pdf Mass-Toleranzen.pdf Abateri limită: + 0 - 0,052 mm

PRELUCRAREA CU FASCICUL LASER LBC.avi LBE.avi LBW.avi aplicatii industriale

Schema de principiu a prelucrării cu fascicul LASER K.G.Swift, H.D. Booker – Manufacturing Process Selection Handbook, Elsevier, Oxford, 2013

Cristal de rubin (mediul activ) Lampă flash Oglindă Oglindă semitransparentă Fascicul laser Cavitate optică

Gas lasers using many gases have been built and used for many purposes. The helium-neon laser (HeNe) emits at a variety of wavelengths and units operating at 633 nm are very common in education because of its low cost. Carbon dioxide lasers can emit hundreds of kilowatts at 9,6 µm and 10,6 µm, and are often used in industry for cutting and welding. The efficiency of a CO2 laser is over 10%. Argon-ion lasers emit light in the range 351-528,7 nm. Depending on the optics and the laser tube a different number of lines is usable but the most commonly used lines are 458 nm, 488 nm and 514,5 nm. A nitrogen laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV light at 337,1 nm

Solid-state laser materials are commonly made by doping a crystalline solid host with ions that provide the required energy states. For example, the first working laser was a ruby laser, made from ruby (chromium-doped corundum). The population inversion is actually maintained in the dopant, such as chromium or neodymium. Neodymium is a common dopant in various solid-state laser crystals, including: yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG). All these lasers can produce high powers in the infrared spectrum at 1064 nm. They are used for cutting, welding and marking of metals and other materials. These lasers are also commonly frequency doubled, tripled or quadrupled to produce 532 nm (green, visible), 355 nm (UV) and 266 nm (UV) light when those wavelengths are needed.

Semiconductor lasers are also solid-state lasers but have a different mode of laser operation. Commercial laser diodes emit at wavelengths from 375 nm to 1800 nm, and wavelengths of over 3 µm have been demonstrated. Low power laser diodes are used in laser printers and CD/DVD players. More powerful laser diodes are frequently used to optically pump other lasers with high efficiency. The highest power industrial laser diodes, with power up to 10 kW (70dBm), are used in industry for cutting and welding. External-cavity semiconductor lasers have a semiconductor active medium in a larger cavity. These devices can generate high power outputs with good beam quality, wavelength-tunable narrow-linewidth radiation, or ultrashort laser pulses.

The continuous or average power required for some uses: Different applications need lasers with different output powers. Lasers that produce a continuous beam or a series of short pulses can be compared on the basis of their average power. Lasers that produce pulses can also be characterized based on the peak power of each pulse. The peak power of a pulsed laser is many orders of magnitude greater than its average power. The average output power is always less than the power consumed. The continuous or average power required for some uses: less than 1 mW – laser pointers 5 mW – CD-ROM drive 5–10 mW – DVD player or DVD-ROM drive 100 mW – High-speed CD-RW burner 250 mW – Consumer DVD-R burner 1–20 W – output of the majority of commercially available solid-state lasers used for micro machining 30–100 W – typical sealed CO2 surgical lasers 100–3000 W (peak output 1.5 kW) – typical sealed CO2 lasers used in industrial laser cutting

Tăierea cu fascicul LASER CURS 10 Tăierea cu fascicul LASER taiere cu laser.avi taiere cu LASER

CO2 lasers are used for industrial cutting of many materials including mild steel, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, paper, wax, plastics, wood, and fabrics. YAG lasers are primarily used for cutting and scribing metals and ceramics. There are generally three different configurations of industrial laser cutting machines: Moving material Hybrid Flying Optics systems. taiere cu laser 2.avi video

The production rate is limited by a number of factors The production rate is limited by a number of factors. Maximum cutting rate is limited by a number of factors, including laser power, material thickness and material properties. Common industrial systems (1kW+) will cut carbon steel metal from 0,508 mm and 12,7 mm in thickness. For all intents and purposes, a laser can be up to thirty times faster than standard sawing.

Gravarea cu fascicul LASER gravare cu laser.avi aplicatii gravare cu LASER

There are three main genres of engraving machines: The most common is the X-Y table where, usually, the workpiece (surface) is stationary and the laser moves around in X and Y directions drawing vectors. Sometimes the laser is stationary and the workpiece moves. Sometimes the workpiece moves in the Y axis and the laser in the X axis. A second genre is for cylindrical workpieces (or flat workpieces mounted around a cylinder) where the laser effectively traverses a fine helix and on/off laser pulsing produces the desired image on a raster basis. In the third method, both the laser and workpiece are stationary and galvo mirrors move the laser beam over the workpiece surface. Laser engravers using this technology can work in either raster or vector mode.

Metals started out to be the worst laser-engravable materials Metals started out to be the worst laser-engravable materials. This problem has now been solved using lasers at shorter wavelengths than the traditional 10640 nm wavelength CO2 laser. Using Nd:YVO4 or Nd:YAG lasers at 1064 nm wavelength, or its harmonics at 532 and 355 nm, metals can now easily be engraved using commercial systems.

De cata putere am nevoie? 10 W – Util pentru gravuri superficiale si taiere materiale subtiri. 25-35 W – Nivel de putere medie-joasa, ideala pentru gravura si taiere la viteza moderata. Nu este recomandat pentru taierea materialelor foarte groase 40-60 W – Nivel de putere medie pentru operatiuni de gravura la viteza mare si taierea materialelor groase la viteza medie. 65-80 W – Nivel de putere inalta, ideala pentru operatiuni cu productivitate sporita. 85-120 W – Putere mare pentru taiere adanca si gravura la viteza mare. Ideala pentru prelucrare cu doua capete.

Sudarea cu fascicul LASER sudare cu laser 2.avi video Laser beam welding has high power density (on the order of 1 MW/cm²) resulting in small heat-affected zones and high heating and cooling rates. The spot size of the laser can vary between 0,2 mm and 13 mm, though only smaller sizes are used for welding. The depth of penetration is proportional to the amount of power supplied, but is also dependent on the location of the focal point: penetration is maximized when the focal point is slightly below the surface of the workpiece. A continuous or pulsed laser beam may be used depending upon the application. Milliseconds long pulses are used to weld thin materials such as razor blades while continuous laser systems are employed for deep welds. LBW is a versatile process, capable of welding carbon steels, HSLA steels, stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium

sudare cu laser.avi video The two types of lasers commonly used in are solid-state lasers and gas lasers (especially carbon dioxide lasers and Nd:YAG lasers). The first type uses one of several solid media, including synthetic ruby and chromium in aluminum oxide, neodymium in glass (Nd:glass), and the most common type, crystal composed of yttrium aluminum garnet doped with neodymium (Nd:YAG). Typical power output for ruby lasers is 10–20 W, while the Nd:YAG laser outputs between 0,04–6000 W. To deliver the laser beam to the weld area, fiber optics are usually employed. Gas lasers use mixtures of gases like helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (CO2 laser) as a medium. Power outputs for gas lasers can be much higher than solid-state lasers, reaching 25 kW sudare cu laser.avi video

Nd:YAG laser welders

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Principiul de lucru LDW DMG Mori Lasertec 65 3D.pdf