Personality Development a distinct and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time Differing views: Biological Psychoanalytic Humanistic Trait Social Cognitive

Personality Development Biological Focus is on the brain, neurochemistry and genetics. Heritability Researched through twin studies Only accounts for approximately 50% of personality formation

Personality Development Temperament refers to the basic disposition of a person and is biologically based Three areas: Emotionality Activity Sociability

Personality Development Psychoanalytic Unseen forces within the individual in the form of attachments, conflicts, and motivations, have far more power than our conscious intentions Psychosexual in nature Involves processes on three levels: Conscious Preconscious Unconscious

Personality Development Psychoanalytic Three parts of the structure of the personality: Id Ego Superego

Personality Development Defense Mechanisms Repression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Regression Denial Rationalization Sublimation

Personality Development Psychoanalytic Stages of Development: Oral stage (ages birth – 1 ½ ) Anal stage (ages 1 ½ - 3) Phallic stage (ages 3 – 6) Oedipus Complex Electra Complex Latency stage (ages 6-12) Genital stage (adolescence)

Personality Development Psychoanalytic (Neo-Freudian Theories) Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to age 11/2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 to 3) Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 6) Industry vs. Inferiority (6 –12) Identity vs. Identity (Role) Confusion (12 – 20) Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 to 30) Generativity vs. Stagnation (30 – 65) Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

Personality Development Humanistic Emphasizes internal experiences (feelings and thoughts) and the individual’s own feelings of basic worth. People are basically good and possess a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. (self actualization) Each individual’s personality is created out of his or her unique way of perceiving and interpreting the world.

Personality Development Humanistic: Carl Rogers Self the most important part of personality. Self-concept refers to all information and beliefs about oneself regarding ones nature, unique qualities and typical behaviors

Personality Development Humanistic: Carl Rogers Self-esteem Part of one’s self concept involving our perception of our worth and value as an individual Unconditional positive regard acceptance of a person as they are, with no contingencies attached Self Actualization

Personality Development Humanistic: Abraham Maslow Self-Actualization: the innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person’s highest potential

Personality Development Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Etc., moving up the pyramid Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Personality Development Trait A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone Gordon Allport Cardinal Traits Central Traits Secondary Traits

Personality Development Trait The Big Five: (O.C.E.A.N.) Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Personality Development Social Cognitive Each of us has a unique personality based on: our individual history of interactions with the environment and the impact it has on us how we think about our world and interpret what happens to us.

Personality Development Social Cognitive: Albert Bandura Reciprocal determinism: behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events interact to produce personality Self-Efficacy: learned beliefs of one’s own capabilities to accomplish things Observational Learning

Personality Development Social Cognitive: Julian Rotter External Locus of Control Internal Locus of Control