Personality A person’s general style of interacting with the world People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place Keywords: personality

Personality Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Post-Freudian Theories

Psychoanalytic Approach Developed by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind Keywords: psychoanalytic approach, unconscious motivation Graphics: picture of Freud pg. 420 Myers

Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego Information which can easily be made conscious Thoughts, feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to awareness in your immediate Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality Irrational, illogical, impulsive

Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego Conscious - all things we are aware of at any given moment Keywords: conscious, preconscious, unconscious Graphics: fig. 11.1 pg. 475 Hockenbury

Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego Preconscious - everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness

Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego Unconscious - inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives

Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind Id - instinctual drives present at birth does not distinguish between reality and fantasy operates according to the pleasure principle Ego - develops out of the id in infancy understands reality and logic mediator between id and superego Superego internalization of society’s moral standards responsible for guilt Keywords: id Graphics: fig. 11.1 pg. 475 Hockenbury

Defense Mechanisms Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety Keywords: defense mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite Keywords: repression, reaction formation

Defense Mechanisms Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society Keywords: displacement, sublimation

Defense Mechanisms Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development Keywords: projection, rationalization, regression

Psychosexual Stages Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it way achieved in these stages Keywords: fixation

Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood Keywords: oral stage

Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood Keywords: anal stage

Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years) Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals Oedipus or Electra complex can occur Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females Keywords: phallic stage, Oedipus complex, Electra complex

Latency Stage (5 - puberty) Sexuality is repressed Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships Keywords: latency stage

Genital Stage (puberty on) Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages Keywords: genital stage

Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories Keywords: Karen Horney, object relations theories, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung Graphics: pics. of Horney pg. 484, Adler pg. 485 of Hockenbury, pic. of Jung pg. 425 Hockenbury, pic. of Erikson pg.407 Hockenbury