Warm Up: What continent is Greece in? Describe the land the Greeks had to live on.

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Minoans + Mycenaeans = “The Greeks” Origins of the Greeks: Minoans & Mycenaean 2800 B.C.—1500 B.C

The Minoans On the isle of Crete is where the first Greek civilization first appeared. They were known as the Minoans. The civilization is named for the greatest of their governors, King Minos. It was here , in the capital of Knossos, that they built a palace bearing the same name. It was an enormous labirynth with more than 800 rooms, all connected to one another with a beautifully crafted central courtyard. They had running water throughout the palace and incorporated toilets and baths using an advanced canal system. There are famous paintings that exist today from the inside of the palace that displayed scenes of nature and of the life in Knossos and of the Minoans. They are known as Frescos, and you will see several in this presentation…

Minoans (2800-1400 BCE) Lived on island of Crete Capital is Knossos Existed during Egypt’s Old Kingdom Government: Priest-kings Religion: Polytheists Cities NOT surrounded by walls Very peaceful. Ship Builders, traders, farmers, and fishermen Overpowered by Mycenaeans by 1400 BC http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg.

As previously stated, Knossos was the center of the Minoan civilization…they were a civilization advanced in such industries as technology and architecture, which they used to build the palace in 1700 BCE. http://www.carnet-de-voyage.net/Photos%20Cr%E8te/images/38.jpeg

Minoan Fresco at the Palace of Knossos http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth.html.

Minoan fresco: Prince of Knossos http://www.graeco-roman.com/items/G4310.htm

The palace of Knossos Based on the information available to historians, anthropologists and archaeologists, this is a representation of what the Palace of Knossos looked like…try and remember that this was built and sustained almost 4000 years ago…pretty amazing. http://www.fll.vt.edu/Classics/KnossosReconstruction.jpg

One of the most famous frescos in the palace… perso.orange.fr/.../jacques.brasme/knossos.htm The Three Ladies

The Throne Room It is said that this room was the center of the palace, with a large throne built against a wall with a large fresco as its backdrop…here you see the throne and the mural which acted as the backdrop. www.universalis.fr/media-encyclopedie/87/PH99

Here we see a water scene with dolphins and other marine life. Scenes of nature were commonplace for this palace, and the art of this civilization. Here we see a water scene with dolphins and other marine life. www.ac-versailles.fr/.../00-01_Livre.htm

Sculptures, Pottery, and Frescoes Minoan Art Sculptures, Pottery, and Frescoes

http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth4web/05troygold.jpg.

Minoans created and traded pottery, leather, bronze armor, and metal jewelry. They also enjoyed sports such as boxing and bull leaping. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg

Vases were very important in daily life for vessels for water and grains and cereals, amongst other items. This vase is decorated in a Greek style, which you would be able to decipher from other civilizations due to the artwork and its style. The style has not so much to do with the actual depiction but the line and the form used by the painters. http://dauphins.ifrance.com/images/vase.gif

Polytheists Main god: Great Goddess, Mother Earth) Minoan Religion Polytheists Main god: Great Goddess, Mother Earth)

Minoan Religion Built shrines on housetops, hilltops, and in caves Made offerings to gods which included: Human hair fruit flowers jewels gold

The fall of Minoan civilization is described in the legendary fight of Theseus, a young Greek prince and the Minotaur. Relief Sculpture of Theseus and defeated Minotaur

Theseus and the Minotaur Theseus, in Greek mythology, is the greatest of athenian heros. He is the son of Aegeus (king of Athens) or Poseidon (god of the sea). The minotaur, in greek mythology, was a monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man. Theseus and the Minotaur antre.atspace.com/minotaure.html

Theseus and the Minotaur http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Barye_-_Thésée_Minotaure.png/392px-Barye_-_Thésée_Minotaure.png http://www.alpha-omegaonline.com/minotaur_s1.jpg Through these works of art, we can guage the importance of the story of Theseus and the Minotaur in the Greek tradition and culture.

The end of the Minoans…??? Historical, anthropological and archaeological information leads us to believe that @ 1450 BCE the majority of the palace was destroyed as well as the other palaces in other Minoan cities…but we do not know why. This peaceful and prosperous civilization disappeared. Why? There are indications of large scale fires that ravaged the area and there has long been the assumption of a volcanic eruption at Thera, perhaps followed by a tsunami so powerful that it wiped out the first Greek civilization… but we do not know for certain. http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/Images/Glossary/Lava.jpg

The Mycenaeans While the Minoan civilization thrived on the isle of Crete, mainland Greece (as we know it today) was filled with tiny, agricultural communities. Invaders from the north hampered their development…until they overtook it and established a rich and powerful civilization known as the Mycenaean civilization. Contrary to the peaceful Minoan cities with few fortifications, the Mycenaeans built large walled-cities. Also contrary to the Minoans who preceded them, the frescos of the Mycenaeans were filled with war-like images.

Mycenaeans (2000 - 900 BCE) Lower Greece (lowlands) Built fortress-palaces on hilltops Engaged in farming, herding, olive growing. Traded: gold & bronze Learned from Minoans: Shipbuilding, navigation, gold & bronze work, fashions, art, writing. Better warriors than traders (pirates) Became most powerful people in Aegean world by 1400 BCE Trojan War (1200s BCE) Conquered by Dorians (late 1200’s)

The colossal walls of Mycenae The ‘Lion’s Gate’…that protected the entrance to the city of Mycenae. The walls of Mycenae were so massive that even the ancient Greeks thought they must have been constructed by the gods. http://www.dailly.info/photographies/images/grece-mycenes/photos/11-porte-aux-lions.jpg

The golden mask of king Agememnon, found in his The Mycenaeans This civilization resembled Vikings that ravaged and pillaged Europe 25 centuries later – pirates, thieves and merchants. The civilization was named after Mycenae, the site where Heinrich Schliemann undertook his archaeological digs after having discovered Troy. http://http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/mycenae_agamemnon.jpg The golden mask of king Agememnon, found in his tomb

The Mycenaeans The religious beliefs of the Mycenaeans were similar to many others of the age, characterized by polytheistic beliefs.

The Myceaeans What happened to the Mycenaeans? Towards 1200 BCE, when the civilization was at its height, it seems to have imploded. There are historians who believe that we will never understand what happened to the civilization with any certainty. Theories, however, abound: Their past, marked by violence, caught up with them; A natural catastrophe in the region that is succeptible to seismic and volcanic eruptions; The possibility of a long period of drought and famine followed by civil unrest; There are indications of large scale migrations. All Mycenaean centers disappeared except for Athens. Mycenae itself was completely destroyed by 1100 BCE.

Mycenaens vs. Minoans The Minoans The Mycenaens First Greek civilization; peaceful Second Greek Civilization; Warring invaders, pillagers and very violent …compared to the Vikings. The civilization developped on the Isle of Crete. The civilization developed on the European continent. They gave us nothing of value We know not how their civilization ended, or why Theories: volcanic explosion & tsnuami or devastating fire They gave us Homer and his epics As well as the Trojan War, artwork & writing.

Apple Conclusion Observe Explain Concluding Questions Hand in when complete

The “Dark Age” (1100 -800 BCE) Civil wars broke out following Trojan War Dorians conquered Mycenaeans Aegean world began era of “wandering and killing” Independent communities developed Layered view of nine major settlements of Troy by Christopher Haussner based on archaelogical excavation. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth4web/05troygold.jpg

Greek City-States (700 - 338 BCE)

Greek City-States The Hellenes, or Greeks emerge from the Dark Age The Polis, or city-state was the center of Greek life Polis structure: Acropolis (fortified hill) Agora (marketplace at foot of acropolis) Polis included homes, farming villages, fields, and orchards http://www.indiana.edu/~kglowack/athens/acropolis.html

Greek Civics and Politics Civic and personal honor is one and the same The Polis (city-state) is above everything else Greenblatt, Lemmo. Human Heritage. Glencoe, McGraw-Hill 1995.

A New Government Solon created 1st Constitution (594 BCE) Set of principles and rules for governing Purpose: To end oligarchy and to prevent uprising against government by middle and lower class http://www.indiana.edu/~kglowack/athens/images/07.017.JPG

The First Democratic Constitution Created by Cleisthenes in 508 BCE (lasted 300 yrs.) Limits power of rich & land ownership All male landowners could vote All debts were erased All enslaved due to debt, were freed All Athenians became citizens and able to participate in government Assembly created to make laws Representation of Cleisthenes http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_2.shtml

The Athenian Government Structure http://norfacad.pvt.k12.va.us/project/pericles/Pericles.htm

Greek Religion The most popular priestess was a priestess in the temple of Delphi. The Delphi was the center of the world for Greeks. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/mythslides1/27delphiview.jpg

Gods with human qualities (anthropomorphism) Poseiden The Courtship of Venus and Mars Aphrodite http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/mythslides1/mythslides1.html

Greek Theater Began during festivals honoring the god Dionysus (600 BCE) Types of Plays Tragedies Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Comedies Only men could act in plays A civic responsibility "The Feast of the Gods". Theatre of Apollo [foreground], mid-4th century BC; Temple of Apollo [C.], orig. mid-6th century BC (rebuilt 366-326 BC) http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/mythslides1/28feastofgods.jpg

The Great Greek Philosophers Socrates Plato Aristotle http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/PHIL/cpshelle/Gallery/Greek/aristotle.jpg

Socrates (469-399 BCE) Stonemason, spent time arguing with assembly Taught: Question everything, use step-by-step questioning to final conclusion (Socaratic Method) Executed for denying gods, corrupting youth, and trying to overthrow gov. Greenblatt, Lemmo. Human Heritage. Glencoe, McGraw-Hill 1995 http://www.btinternet.com/~socratic/

Plato (427-347 BCE) Pupil of Socrates Recorded speeches of Socrates Father of Political Science Founded The Academy to train government leaders Wrote The Republic & The Dialogues http://plato.evansville.edu/

Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Pupil of Plato at The Academy Trained in Medicine “Master of Them That Know” First to classify plants & animals Developed final steps in scientific method (Hypothesis and Test) Plato Aristotle http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

The Illiad and the Odyssey M. Bridgeo The Illiad and the Odyssey The poet Homer wrote two epic poems about the Trojan War named The Iliad and The Odyssey. In modern times, we need to questions where truth and fiction part, and whether or not there is truth to any of it. From all evidence, portions of the two legends are true while others are pure imagination…it is finding the line where one crosses into the other that is key. http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/poetes/falc/homere/homere.jpg

What started the Trojan War? M. Bridgeo What started the Trojan War? Greeks Troy Helen, wife of the king of Sparta, Meneleas Paris, the son of Priam (king of Troy) Was kidnapped by… Agamemnon, brother of Meneleas, successfully convinced the other greek kings to seek revenge…Achilles, the bravest and Odysseus (the craftiest) of all. Amongst the most important events of the Trojan war were: Achilles pursued Hector (son of Priam) and killed him. Odysseus’ ruse of leaving a trophy horse as evidence of surrender to Troy. The horse, filled with Greek soldiers, was towed inside the walled city of Troy. At night, with soldiers drunk and sleeping, the Greeks descended from the horse to slaughter the Trojans. Priam is killed Helen is reunited with Meneleas

The Trojan Horse M. Bridgeo http://www.trojanhorseantiques.com/TrojanHorseMythImage.jpg

The weaponry and the protection of the soldiers during the Trojan war M. Bridgeo The weaponry and the protection of the soldiers during the Trojan war The soldiers of this time period in ancient Greece had advanced technologies for war. Watch this amazing video which demonstrates the weapons that would have been used in the Trojan War… Weapons and Protection - The Trojan War

The Odyssey M. Bridgeo As you have already learned, Homer wrote two epic poems, the Iliad an the Odyssey. The Iliad (15,300 verses) was about the Trojan War between the Greeks and the city of Troy, the Trojans. The second, the Odyssey (12,110 verses) told of the return of Odysseus and his companions from the war to his home island of Ithica. This return lasted ten long years and was full of adventure, catastrophe and interaction with the deities of the ancient Greek religion. As you watch the film, The Odyssey, listen/watch particularly well for the following which I would like you to describe; Clothing of the day The economy of the day What monumental events transpired on the journey of Odysseus? What transpired upon his return home? To which deities were you introduced over the course of the film?