AP Human Geography Mrs. Toxqui

About the Course Course focuses on the relationship between humans and their physical environment College-level course taught similarly to an introductory human geography course taught on a college campus We get a year to cover the course instead of a semester It’s offered to freshmen at YLHS, but the College Board does not consider it a “freshmen course”

Topics of Study Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives Population and Migration Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use Cities and Urban Land Use Industrialization and Economic Development Cultural Patterns and Processes Political Organization of Space

The AP Exam: Friday, 5/12/2017 Multiple-Choice Free Response Question (FRQ) 75 questions 3 questions 60 minutes 75 minutes 50% of exam score

Reading a College-Level Textbook Preview the text – read section heading, view any pictures/graphs/maps/charts/visuals, etc. Skim the reading – look for the main ideas, key terms, etc. Chunk the reading – try not to read more than 10 pages at a time. Read.  Go back and take notes on the reading. You might want to write vocabulary or key terms on index cards and use post-its to make annotations on the textbook. (Obviously, highlighting and writing in the book is preferable, but it is not an option here). Review and summarize the reading.

Cornell Notes C – Step One: Create Format O – Step Two: Organize Notes on the Right Side R – Step Three: Review and Revise Notes N – Step Four: Note Key Ideas to Create Questions E – Step Five: Exchange Ideas by Collaborating L – Step Six: Link Learning to Create a Summary L – Step Seven: Learning Tool

Academic Writing Do Write clearly and concisely Use proper spelling, grammar, syntax, etc. Include relevant, factual information Use academic vocabulary Write in 3rd person Use active voice Don’t Write more than is necessary Use clichés, rhetorical questions, or exclamation points Used overly biased language Write in 1st or 2nd person Use slang, texting lingo, etc. Use passive voice

Tier 2: General Academic Words Tier 1: Words of Everyday Speech Academic Vocabulary Tier 3: Domain- Specific Words Academic Vocabulary Tier 2: General Academic Words Tier 1: Words of Everyday Speech

The FRQ Read the question and underline any verbs Spend five minutes outlining your answer Answer the question using complete sentences. Label each part of your answer the way it’s labeled in the prompt. Make sure to write clearly and concisely. Do not add extra information. You do not need an introduction or a conclusion. Reread your answer and make sure you’ve answered the prompt completely and correctly. Underline the key parts of your answer.

ESPeN Economic Political Social Environmental

Unit 1: Principles of Geography

I. Introduction to Geography

A. Five Themes of Geography Location Human-environment interactions Region Place Movement

Brainstorm: Five Themes of Geography Responses can go in your notes. List 2-3 examples for each of the themes of geography. You will work with your partner, but you should each have your own work written down. Responses can go in your notes.

B. Human Geography 1. Two branches of geography: physical and human 2. Human geography focuses on the study of people, places, spatial variation in human activities, and the relationship between people and the environment

C. Maps as a Geographic Tool 1. Cartography is the art and science of making maps a. Reference maps show locations of places and geographic features. b. Thematic maps tell stories, typically showing some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon 2. Maps help geographers explain where and why.

II. Thinking Like a Human Geographer

A. Basic Concepts Geographers Use Maps – geography relies on math Place – a specific place on earth, characterized by its site and situation Region – an area of the Earth with distinctive physical and cultural features Scale – the relationship between a portion of the Earth shown on a map and the whole Earth Space – the physical gap between two objects Connections – relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

B. Scale Large vs. Small Scale Map scales can be expressed verbally, as ratio or fraction, or graphically

Drawing Activity Quickly sketch three different maps that would include YLHS. Each map must be at a different scale. Make sure your maps are in order from smallest to largest scale. FYI: Mrs. Toxqui is not looking for you to be an expert cartographer (although, that would be cool)…the goal is to make sure we understand scale. 

C. Map Projections 1. Projection a. Transferring locations on the earth’s surface to a flat map 2. Types of Distortion a. Shape b. Distance c. Relative Size d. Direction Video Clip

C. Map Projections

D. Contemporary Geographic Tools 1. GIS: Geographic Information System a. Computer system to capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data 2. Remote Sensing a. Acquiring data about the Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the Earth or some other long-distance method 3. GPS: Global Positioning System a. Determines the precise location of something on Earth

III. Uniqueness of Each Point on Earth

A. Place Site – the physical character of a place Situation – location of a place relative to other places (relative locations) Toponym – the name given to a place on Earth

Write, Pair, Share In your notes, write about the site, situation, and toponym of your favorite city to visit outside of Orange County. When Mrs. Toxqui says so, you will get up and find your “sole mate” (the person with shoes most similar to yours). Remain standing with your partner. You will take turns sharing. Once you both have shared, you will sit down.

B. Absolute Location 1. Meridians are used to measure longitude (man-made) 2. Parallels are used to measure latitude (scientific)

C. Types of Regions Formal Region (uniform region) – everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics Functional Region (nodal region) – organized around a node or focal point Vernacular region (perceptual region)– a place that one believes is part of one’s cultural identity and comes from people’s informal sense of place, often using mental maps

Writing Break: Regions Write at least one example of a formal region, functional region, and vernacular region (minimum of three examples). Use complete sentences. Responses can go in your notes.

Brainstorm: Regions that include area near YLHS In three separate columns, list three formal regions, three functional regions, and three vernacular regions that this school is located within. You must provide a written explanation for each of your choices. You will work with a partner, but you should each have your own written responses. Responses can go in your notes.

IV. Space and Culture

A. Characteristics of Space Distribution – the arrangement of a feature in space Density – the frequency in which something occurs in space, often calculated arithmetically Concentration – the spread of a feature over space, often used to describe changes in distribution Pattern – the geometric arrangement of objects in space

B. Culture Culture is an all-encompassing term that identifies not only the lifestyles of people but also their prevailing values and beliefs. Cultural geographers identify a single attribute of a culture as a cultural trait. A cultural hearth is an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse.

C. Spatial Diffusion 1. Relocation a. Occurs most frequently through migration b. Involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and carry it to a new place

C. Spatial Diffusion 2. Expansion – an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward a. Hierarchical diffusion b. Contagious diffusion c. Stimulus diffusion

Writing Break: Diffusion Write at least one example of relocation diffusion, contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, and stimulus diffusion (minimum of four examples). Use complete sentences. Responses can go in your notes.

D. Spatial Interaction Tobler’s First Law of Geography states that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things Distance decay: the tapering off of a process, pattern, or event over a distance

D. Spatial Interaction Distance decay is much less severe today than in the past because of time-space compression

D. Spatial Interaction The gravity model predicts the interactions between people in different areas in the world.

E. Globalization 1. Globalization of the economy a. Every place in the world is part of the global economy. b. Globalization has lead to more specialization on the local level. c. Globalization has increased economic differences among place. 2. Globalization of culture a. Communication is easier due to technology b. Makes people more culturally similar

V. Sustainability

A. Three Pillars of Sustainability Environmental Pillar – managing natural resources Social Pillar – using resources to meet human needs Economic Pillar – the price of resources due to supply and demand

B. Humans and Their Environment Environmental determinism holds that human behavior, individually and collectively, is strongly affected by—even controlled or determined by—the physical environment Possibilism is the doctrine that the choices that a society makes depend on what its members need and what technology is available to them 19th century geographers argued for environmental determinism, while modern geographers embrace possibilism.